ku-
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: Appendix:Variations of "ku"
Indonesian
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Malay ku-, from ku, shortened form of aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation
Prefix
ku-
- I (personal pronoun)
See also
Further reading
- “ku-” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Kambera
Pronoun
ku-
- first person singular nominative proclitic
See also
Kambera pronominal clitics
Makasar
Pronunciation
Pronoun
ku- (nominative proclitic, Lontara spelling ᨀᨘ)
See also
Makasar free and bound pronouns
Malay
Alternative forms
Etymology
From ku, shortened form of aku, from Proto-Malayic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *aku, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *aku, from Proto-Austronesian *aku.
Pronunciation
Prefix
ku- (Jawi spelling کوـ) (informal)
- I (personal pronoun)
- Kutahu.
- I know.
- Kutahu.
See also
| Malay personal pronouns | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | ||
| 1st person | standard | saya / ساي aku / اکو, ku- / كوـ (informal/towards God) -ku / ـكو (informal possessive) hamba / همبا (dated) |
kami / کامي (exclusive) kita orang / كيت اورڠ (informal exclusive) kita / کيت (inclusive) |
| royal | beta / بيتا | ||
| 2nd person | standard | kamu / کامو anda / اندا (formal) | |
| engkau / اڠکاو, kau- / كاوـ (informal/towards God) awak / اوق (friendly/older towards younger) -mu / ـمو (possessive) |
awak semua / اوق سموا kamu semua / كامو سموا kalian / کالين (informal) kau orang / كاو اورڠ (informal) | ||
| royal | tuanku / توانكو | ||
| 3rd person | standard | dia / دي ia / اي beliau / بلياو (honorific) -nya / ـڽ (possessive) |
mereka / مريک dia orang / دي اورڠ (informal) |
| royal | baginda / بݢيندا | ||
Northern Ndebele
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Phuthi
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Etymology 4
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Southern Ndebele
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Swahili
Alternative forms
- (in certain cases before a vowel) kw-
Pronunciation
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- ku class(XV) noun prefix; used before verb stem with eventual object concord to form infinitive
- used to form verbnoun
- Kufanya kazi ni muhimu ili kupata pesa.
- Working is important in order to earn money.
- used after auxiliary verbs that do not require subject agreement and tense/aspect marking on the dependent verb
- Nataka kukisoma.
- I want to read it.
- Ilisababisha watu kujifunza zaidi.
- It caused people to study more.
- used after -a (including in the presense of a subject)
- kitabu cha kufundishia ― book of instruction
- baada ya kipindi kupita ― after the period passes/passed
- used after na to replace elided subject agreement and tense/aspect marking
- Nilisoma na kuandika.
- I read and wrote.
- used to form verbnoun
- ku class(XV)/ku class(XVII) adjective agreement prefix
- Kusafiri ni kuzuri sana.
- Traveling is great.
- mahali kuzuri ― a nice area
- verb-initial form of -ku- (“you, 2st person singular (or, if with suffix -ni, plural) object concord”)
See also
| Swahili TAM markers | |
|---|---|
| Initial | |
| Positive infinitive | ku-/kw-1 |
| Negative infinitive | kuto- |
| Habitual | hu-1 |
| Telegrammic | ka-1 |
| Final | |
| General (positive indicative) | -a |
| Positive subjunctive | -e |
| Negative present | -i |
| Second person plural | -ni |
| Infix position positive subject concord | |
| Positive past | -li- |
| Positive present | -na- |
| Positive future | -ta- |
| Negative subjunctive | -si-1 |
| Positive present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative present conditional | -singe- |
| Positive past conditional | -ngali- |
| Negative past conditional | -singali- |
| Gnomic | -a-1 |
| Perfect | -me- |
| "Already" past | -lisha- |
| "Already" present | -mesha-/-sha- |
| "If/When" | -ki-1 |
| "If not" | -sipo- |
| Consecutive | -ka-1 |
| Infix position negative subject concord | |
| Negative past | -ku-1 |
| Negative future | -ta- |
| "Not yet" | -ja-1 |
| Negative present conditional | -nge- |
| Negative past conditional | -ngali- |
| Relative | |
| Past | -li- |
| Present | -na- |
| Future | -taka- |
| Negative | -si- |
| 1 Can take stress and therefore does not require -ku-/-kw- in monosyllabic verbs. | |
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
- it, there; ku class(XV)/ku class(XVII) subject concord
- Antonym: haku-
- Kutoa kunatokana na moyo.
- Giving comes from the heart.
- Kuna watu wengi nchini wanaotaka amani.
- There are many people in the country who want peace.
- verb-initial form of -ku- (“there, ku class(XVII) object concord”)
See also
| Class | Subject concord | Object concord | Relative | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| affirmative | negative | |||
| m(I) | a-, yu- | ha-, hayu- | -m-, -mw-, -mu- | -ye |
| wa(II) | wa- | hawa- | -wa- | -o |
| m(III) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| mi(IV) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| ji(V) | li- | hali- | -li- | -lo |
| ma(VI) | ya- | haya- | -ya- | -yo |
| ki(VII) | ki- | haki- | -ki- | -cho |
| vi(VIII) | vi- | havi- | -vi- | -vyo |
| n(IX) | i- | hai- | -i- | -yo |
| n(X) | zi- | hazi- | -zi- | -zo |
| u(XI) | u- | hau- | -u- | -o |
| ku(XV/XVII) | ku- | haku- | -ku- | -ko |
| pa(XVI) | pa- | hapa- | -pa- | -po |
| mu(XVIII) | m-, mw-, mu- | ham-, hamw-, hamu- | -mu- | -mo |
| For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns. | ||||
Swahili verbal concords (third person)
Swazi
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 15 noun prefix; forms the infinitive of verbs.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Etymology 4
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Taos
Pronunciation
Prefix
ku-
- (transitive) Second-person singular subject + third person duoplural object.
Tocharian A
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).
Verb
ku-
Tocharian B
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰew-. Cognates include Ancient Greek χέω (khéō), Sanskrit जुहोति (juhoti), Old Armenian ձեւ (jew), Latin fundō, fūtis and Old English ġēotan, guttas (English gut).
Verb
ku-
Tooro
Alternative forms
- (before vowels) kw-
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Pronunciation
Prefix
ku-
- class 15 pronominal concord
- it; class 15 subject concord
- ku- + -kora (“to do”) → kukora (“it (class 15) does”)
- positive imperative form of -ku- (“it; class 15 object concord”)
See also
| Class | Person | Independent | Possessive | Subject concord | Object concord | Combined forms | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na | ni | ||||||
| Class 1 | First | nyowe, nye | -ange | n- | -n- | nanyowe, nanye | ninyowe, ninye |
| Second | iwe | -awe | o- | -ku- | naiwe | niiwe | |
| Third | uwe | -e | a- | -mu- | nawe | nuwe | |
| Class 2 | First | itwe | -aitu | tu- | -tu- | naitwe | niitwe |
| Second | inywe | -anyu | mu- | -ba- | nainywe | niinywe | |
| Third | abo | -abo | ba- | -ba- | nabo | nubo | |
| Class 3 | gwo | -agwo | gu- | -gu- | nagwo | nugwo | |
| Class 4 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo | |
| Class 5 | lyo | -alyo | li- | -li- | nalyo | niryo | |
| Class 6 | go | -ago | ga- | -ga- | nago | nugo | |
| Class 7 | kyo | -akyo | ki- | -ki- | nakyo | nikyo | |
| Class 8 | byo | -abyo | bi- | -bi- | nabyo | nibyo | |
| Class 9 | yo | -ayo | e- | -gi- | nayo | niyo | |
| Class 10 | zo | -azo | zi- | -zi- | nazo | nizo | |
| Class 11 | rwo | -arwo | ru- | -ru- | narwo | nurwo | |
| Class 12 | ko | -ako | ka- | -ka- | nako | nuko | |
| Class 13 | two | -atwo | tu- | -tu- | natwo | nutwo | |
| Class 14 | bwo | -abwo | bu- | -bu- | nabwo | nubwo | |
| Class 15 | kwo | -akwo | ku- | -ku- | nakwo | nukwo | |
| Class 16 | ho | -aho | ha- | -ha- | naho | nuho | |
| Class 17 | (kwo) | N/A | ha- (...-yo) |
-ha- | N/A | nukwo | |
| Class 18 | (mwo) | -amwo | ha- (...-mu) |
-ha- | N/A | numwo | |
| Reflexive | -enyini, -onyini | — | -e- | — | |||
Tooro personal pronouns
References
- Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 414
Xhosa
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
ku-
Ye'kwana
Pronunciation
Prefix
ku-
- Allomorph of k- (first-person-dual-inclusive prefix) used for stems that begin with a consonant and have a first vowel u.
Inflection
| pronoun | noun possessor/ series II verb argument |
postposition object | series I verb argument | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| transitive patient | intransitive patient-like | intransitive agent-like | transitive agent | |||||||
| first person | ewü | y-, ∅-, ü-, u-1 | w-, wi- | |||||||
| first person dual inclusive | küwü | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- | k-, kii-, ki-1 | |||||||
| second person | amödö | ö-, öy-/ödh-, o-, oy-/odh-, a-, ay-/adh- | m-, mi- | |||||||
| first person dual exclusive | nña | y-/dh-, ch-, ∅-, i-1 | chö- | ∅- | n-, ni- | |||||
| third person | tüwü | n-, ni- | ||||||||
| distant past third person | — | kün-, kun-, kin-, ken-, küm-, kum-, kim-, kini- | ||||||||
| coreferential/reflexive | — | t-, tü-, tu-, ti-, te- | — | |||||||
| reciprocal | — | — | öö- | |||||||
| ||||||||||
| series I verb argument: transitive agent and transitive patient | |
|---|---|
| first person > second person | mön-, man-, mon-, möm-, möni- |
| first person dual exclusive > second person | |
| second person > first person | k-, kü-, ku-, ki- |
| second person > first person dual exclusive | |
| third person > any person X …or… any person X > third person | see person X in the chart above |
Ye'kwana personal markers
Zulu
Etymology 1
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
kú-
- you; second-person singular object concord.
Etymology 2
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 15 simple noun prefix.
Etymology 3
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
kú-
Etymology 4
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ̀-.
Prefix
ku-
- Class 17 simple noun prefix.
Etymology 5
From Proto-Bantu *kʊ́-.
Prefix
kú-
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “ku-”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “ku-”
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