毒 - Wikiwand

Traditional	毒
Simplified	毒
Japanese	毒
Korean	毒

Glyph origin

More information Historical forms of the character 毒, Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) ...

Historical forms of the character 毒
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

More information Old Chinese ...

	Old Chinese
瑇	dɯːɡs, duːɡ
纛	duːɡs, duːɡ
碡	doːɡ, duːɡ, *duɡ
毒	*l'uːɡ
蝳	*duːɡ

Characters in the same phonetic series (毒) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

Pictogram (象形) - a woman wearing a feathered ornament - original form of 纛 (OC *duːɡs, *duːɡ). If this is the correct interpretation, see also 每.

Alternatively, Li Xueqin (2012) proposes it is a phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l'uːɡ): semantic 屮 (“vegetation”) + phonetic 毐 (OC *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ), meaning "a type of poisonous plant."

Etymology

“poison”: From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *duk ~ tuk (“poison; to poison”). Cognate with Tibetan དུག (dug, “poison; toxin”), གདུག (gdug), གདུག་པ (gdug pa, “vicious; evil; poisonous”), Burmese တောက် (tauk, “to suffer from toxicity; to be ill; to be poisonous”).

“to poison” (Pronunciation 2): A departing tone variant, meaning “to poison”, is preserved in southern varieties, including Cantonese, Hakka, Min, southern Gan, and southern Wu. It is derived from the sense “poison” with the *–s suffix in Old Chinese.

“nerdy”: Derived from 毒撚.

Pronunciation 1

More information trad., simp. # ...

trad.	毒
simp. ^#	毒
alternative forms	𭖪𡴛𡹆𥲮𦸕𭖪𡴛𡹆𥲮𦸕𫦚𧉉𤯟

More information Rime, Character ...

Rime
Character	毒
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	沃 (6)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒沃切
Baxter	dowk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duok̚/
Pan Wuyun	/duok̚/
Shao Rongfen	/dok̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dawk̚/
Li Rong	/dok̚/
Wang Li	/duok̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/dʱuok̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dú
Expected Cantonese Reflex	duk⁶

More information Character, Reading # ...

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	毒
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dú
Middle Chinese	‹ dowk ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]ˁuk/
English	poison (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

More information Zhengzhang system (2003), Character ...

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	毒
Reading #	1/1
No.	2486
Phonetic component	毒
Rime group	覺
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	毒
Old Chinese	/*l'uːɡ/

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dú (du²)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): duk⁶ / duk¹

(Taishan, Wiktionary): uuk⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): tuh⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): thu̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): tug⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): dueh⁵
Northern Min (KCR): dù / tū
Eastern Min (BUC): dŭk / dĕ̤k
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): dorh⁷ / dah⁷
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): to̍k / ta̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): dag⁸
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁸doq
- (Jinhua): ⁸doq
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): dou⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dú
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dú
  - Wade–Giles: tu²
  - Yale: dú
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dwu
  - Palladius: ду (du)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: duk⁶ / duk¹
  - Yale: duhk / dūk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: duk⁹ / duk⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: dug⁶ / dug¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʊk̚²/, /tʊk̚⁵/

Note: duk1 - only used in the phonetic transcription 身毒 (“India”).

- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: uuk⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɵk̚³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: tuh⁷
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuʔ²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thu̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: tug
  - Hagfa Pinyim: tug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰuk̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: tug⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰʊk̚⁵/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: dueh⁵
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /tuəʔ⁵⁴/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dù / tū
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu⁴²/, /tʰu⁵⁵/

Note:

dù - literary;
tū - vernacular.

Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: dŭk / dĕ̤k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tuʔ⁵/, /tøyʔ⁵/

Note:

dŭk - literary;
dĕ̤k - vernacular.

Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: dorh⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: do̤̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɒʔ⁴/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: dah⁷
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: da̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taʔ⁴/

Note:

dorh7 - literary;
dah7 - vernacular.

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: to̍k
  - Tâi-lô: to̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dok
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tɔk̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔk̚⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tɔk̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ta̍k
  - Tâi-lô: ta̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: dak
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tak̚⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tak̚¹²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tak̚²⁴/

Note:

to̍k - literary (“poison; cruel; fierce”);
ta̍k - vernacular.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: dag⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ta̍k
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tak̚⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Kunshan, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ⁸doq
  - MiniDict: doh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵doq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹²/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /doʔ¹²/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /doʔ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /doʔ²/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /doʔ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kunshan): /doʔ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /doʔ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /doʔ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /doʔ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /doʔ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /doʔ¹²/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ⁸doq
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /doʔ²¹²/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: dou⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /təu̯²⁴/

Middle Chinese: dowk

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]ˤuk/

(Zhengzhang): /*l'uːɡ/

Definitions

毒

poison; toxin; venom; bane
有毒 ― yǒudú ― poisonous
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) calamity; disaster; trouble
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) pain; suffering
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) crime; evil
to poison; to administer poison to
毒死蟑螂 ― dúsǐ zhāngláng ― to kill cockroaches with poison
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to harm; to injure
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to hate; to resent
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Alternative form of 督 (dū, “to manage; to govern”)
poisonous; noxious
毒蛇 ― dúshé ― venomous snake

毒氣／毒气 ― dúqì ― poisonous gas
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) heavy; thick
(figurative) pernicious influence; harmful influence
餘毒／余毒 ― yúdú ― residual poison
severe; fierce; violent
外面的太陽很毒。 [MSC, trad.]
外面的太阳很毒。 [MSC, simp.]
Wàimiàn de tàiyáng hěn dú. [Pinyin]
The sun outside is very fierce.
malicious; cruel; sinister
他的心腸真毒！／他的心肠真毒！ ― Tā de xīncháng zhēn dú! ― How cruel is he!
(literary, or in compounds) narcotics; narcotic drugs
吸毒 ― xīdú ― to take drugs (of illicit or recreational nature)

販毒／贩毒 ― fàndú ― to traffic in narcotics
(Hong Kong Cantonese) nerdy

Synonyms

(narcotics): 毒品 (dúpǐn)

Compounds

三毒 (sāndú)
下毒 (xiàdú)
下毒手 (xiàdúshǒu)
不毒不發 / 不毒不发
中毒 (zhòngdú)
丹毒 (dāndú)
㐖毒 (Xiédú)
五毒 (wǔdú)
亭毒
人莫予毒 (rénmòyúdú)
以毒攻毒 (yǐdúgōngdú)
便毒
倒馬毒 / 倒马毒
內毒 / 内毒
內毒素 / 内毒素 (nèidúsù)
刻毒 (kèdú)
刮毒
刮骨去毒
刮骨療毒 / 刮骨疗毒
劇毒 / 剧毒 (jùdú)
厚味臘毒 / 厚味腊毒
厭毒 / 厌毒
反毒
吸毒 (xīdú)
命毒
哏毒
嗎啡中毒 / 吗啡中毒
外毒素 (wàidúsù)
大麻中毒
天然毒素
奸毒
宴安鴆毒 / 宴安鸩毒
尿毒症 (niàodúzhèng)
屠毒筆墨 / 屠毒笔墨
工業中毒 / 工业中毒
怨毒 (yuàndú)
悔毒之歎 / 悔毒之叹
惡毒 / 恶毒 (èdú)
慘毒 / 惨毒 (cǎndú)
戒毒 (jièdú)
抗毒素 (kàngdúsù)
抗毒血清
拒毒 (jùdú)
括毒
掃毒 / 扫毒 (sǎodú)
時毒 / 时毒
有毒植物
服毒 (fúdú)
梅毒 (méidú)
楚毒
歹毒 (dǎidú)
殘毒 / 残毒 (cándú)
毒刑
毒刺 (dúcì)
毒劑 / 毒剂 (dújì)
毒化
毒卉
毒品 (dúpǐn)
毒咬
毒害 (dúhài)
毒性 (dúxìng)
毒手 (dúshǒu)
毒手尊拳
毒打 (dúdǎ)
毒招
毒日頭 / 毒日头
毒梟 / 毒枭 (dúxiāo)
毒殺 / 毒杀 (dúshā)
毒氣 / 毒气 (dúqì)
毒氣室 / 毒气室 (dúqìshì)
毒液 (dúyè)
毒烈
毒牙 (dúyá)
毒物 (dúwù)
毒瓦斯 (dúwǎsī)
毒瘤 (dúliú)
毒瘴
毒癮 / 毒瘾 (dúyǐn)
毒砂
毒箭
毒素 (dúsù)
毒腺 (dúxiàn)
毒花花
毒草 (dúcǎo)
毒藥 / 毒药 (dúyào)
毒藥苦口 / 毒药苦口
毒蛇 (dúshé)
毒蛇猛獸 / 毒蛇猛兽 (dúshéměngshòu)
毒蟲 / 毒虫 (dúchóng)
毒計 / 毒计 (dújì)
毒語 / 毒语
毒謀 / 毒谋
毒辣 (dúlà)
毒酒
毒霧 / 毒雾
毒餌 / 毒饵 (dú'ěr)
毒龍 / 毒龙
氰中毒
氯氣中毒 / 氯气中毒
水中毒 (shuǐzhòngdú)
汞中毒 (gǒngzhòngdú)
流毒 (liúdú)
消毒 (xiāodú)
消毒劑 / 消毒剂 (xiāodújì)
消毒藥 / 消毒药
溴中毒
漆毒疹
無名腫毒 / 无名肿毒
無毒 / 无毒 (wúdú)
煤毒
煙毒 / 烟毒
熱毒 / 热毒 (rèdú)
燕安鴆毒 / 燕安鸩毒
狠毒 (hěndú)
狼毒
狼猛蜂毒
瓦斯中毒
病毒 (bìngdú)
百毒不侵 (bǎidúbùqīn)
眼毒
票房毒藥 / 票房毒药 (piàofáng dúyào)
緝毒 / 缉毒 (jīdú)
肉毒桿菌 / 肉毒杆菌 (ròudúgǎnjūn)
胎毒 (tāidú)
胎裡毒 / 胎里毒
腊毒
腺病毒 (xiànbìngdú)
膿毒病 / 脓毒病
芥子毒氣 / 芥子毒气 (jièzǐ dúqì)
莫予毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
莫余毒也 (mòyúdúyě)
荼毒 (túdú)
荼毒生靈 / 荼毒生灵
藥物中毒 / 药物中毒
蜂蠆有毒 / 蜂虿有毒
蠱毒 / 蛊毒 (gǔdú)
解毒 (jiědú)
解毒劑 / 解毒剂
貝毒 / 贝毒
販毒 / 贩毒 (fàndú)
赤口毒舌
身毒
遺毒 / 遗毒 (yídú)
酒精中毒 (jiǔjīng zhòngdú)
酖毒 / 鸩毒
酸中毒 (suānzhòngdú)
酵素毒
金屬中毒 / 金属中毒
鉛中毒 / 铅中毒 (qiānzhòngdú)
鎘中毒 / 镉中毒 (gé zhòngdú)
防毒 (fángdú)
防毒面具 (fángdú miànjù)
陰毒 / 阴毒 (yīndú)
電腦病毒 / 电脑病毒 (diànnǎo bìngdú)
類毒素 / 类毒素 (lèidúsù)
食物中毒 (shíwù zhòngdú)
餘毒 / 余毒 (yúdú)
高溫消毒 / 高温消毒
鴆毒 / 鸩毒
鹼中毒 / 碱中毒 (jiǎnzhòngdú)
黃麴毒素 / 黄曲毒素

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (毒):

→ Japanese: 毒(どく) (doku)
→ Korean: 독(毒) (dok)
→ Vietnamese: độc (毒)

Others:

→ Vietnamese: thuốc (“drug”)
→ Zhuang: doeg (“poison; to poison; evil”)

Pronunciation 2

More information trad., simp. # ...

trad.	毒
simp. ^#	毒
alternative forms	杜 Cantonese 餖／饾 Hakka 透 Eastern Min

More information Character, Reading # ...

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	毒
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	dú
Middle Chinese	‹ dowk ›
Old Chinese	/*m-[d]ˁuk-s/
English	to poison (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Cantonese (Jyutping): dou⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): theu

(Meixian, Guangdong): têu⁴
Northern Min (KCR): tē
Eastern Min (BUC): táu
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): tao⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): thāu

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: dou⁶
  - Yale: douh
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dou⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: dou⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tou̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: theu
  - Hakka Romanization System: teu
  - Hagfa Pinyim: teu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰeu̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: têu⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /tʰeu⁵³/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tē
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰe⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: táu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰɑu²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: tao⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: ta̍u
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰau⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thāu
  - Tâi-lô: thāu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tau
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /tʰau⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tʰau³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tʰau²²/

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*m-[d]ˤuk-s/

Definitions

毒

(Cantonese, Hakka, Min, Wenzhounese, colloquial) to poison; to administer poison to

Pronunciation 3

More information trad., simp. # ...

trad.	毒
simp. ^#	毒
alternative forms	𭖪

Mandarin
(Pinyin): dài (dai⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄞˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): doi⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: dài
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄞˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dài
  - Wade–Giles: tai⁴
  - Yale: dài
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: day
  - Palladius: дай (daj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /taɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: doi⁶
  - Yale: doih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: doi⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: doi⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔːi̯²²/

Definitions

毒

Used in 毒冒, which is an alternative form of 玳瑁 (dàimào)

Pronunciation 4

More information trad., simp. # ...

trad.	毒
simp. ^#	毒
alternative forms	踱喥

Wu (Northern, Wugniu): ⁸doq

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ⁸doq
  - MiniDict: doh^入
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ⁵doq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /doʔ¹²/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /doʔ¹²/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /doʔ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /doʔ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /doʔ²³/

Definitions

毒

(Northern Wu) Alternative form of 踱 (8doq, “dumb,dull”)

References

“毒”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

毒

Translingual

Han character

Derived characters

References

Chinese

Glyph origin

Etymology

Pronunciation 1

Definitions

Synonyms

Compounds

Descendants

Pronunciation 2

Definitions

Pronunciation 3

Definitions

Pronunciation 4

Definitions

References

Japanese

Korean

Vietnamese

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