梅
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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In Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese scripts, the right side component is written 每 (contains 母 with 2 dots). In Japanese shinjitai, the component is simplified to 毎 (contains 毋 with a single middle stroke). Due to Han unification, both characters (梅/梅) are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint. A CJK compatibility ideograph (U+FA44) exists for the kyūjitai form of 梅.
梅 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+7 in Chinese, 木+6 in Japanese, 11 strokes in Chinese, 10 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 木人田卜 (DOWY), four-corner 48957, composition ⿰木每(GHTKV) or ⿰木毎(J))
Historical forms of the character 梅 |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
Small seal script |
Old Chinese | |
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脢 | *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
挴 | *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ |
海 | *hmlɯːʔ |
毐 | *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ |
呣 | *mɯ |
拇 | *mɯʔ |
母 | *mɯʔ |
胟 | *mɯʔ |
姆 | *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ |
畮 | *mɯʔ |
踇 | *mɯʔ |
苺 | *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs |
莓 | *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs |
敏 | *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ |
鰵 | *mrɯŋʔ |
慜 | *mrɯŋʔ |
毋 | *ma |
梅 | *mɯː |
酶 | *mɯː |
鋂 | *mɯː |
每 | *mɯːʔ |
毎 | *mɯːs |
痗 | *mɯːs, *hmɯːs |
晦 | *hmɯːs |
誨 | *hmɯːs |
悔 | *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs |
霉 | *mrɯl |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *mɯː): semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).
Seemingly related to Old Japanese 梅 (ume2) (Shibatani, 1990; Miyake, 1997; apud Schuessler, 2007) (which was possibly borrowed from Middle Chinese). Its origin is unknown (Schuessler, 2007); its referent, Prunus mume, originated around the Yangtze River,[1] now in south China yet initially outside the Chinese civilization's cradle in the Central Plain.
Variety | Location | 梅 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /mei³⁵/ |
Harbin | /mei²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /mei⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /mei⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /me⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /mei⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /mei²⁴/ | |
Xining | /mɨ²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /mei⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /mei⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /mei⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /mei²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /mei³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /mei²¹/ | |
Kunming | /mei³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /məi²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /me⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /mei¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /mæ¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /mei³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /me²³/ |
Suzhou | /me̞¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /mei²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /mai³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /mɛ⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /mə⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /mei¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /məi¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /mi⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /moi¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /moi¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /mui²¹/ |
Nanning | /mui²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /mui²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /mui³⁵/ /m³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /muoi⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /mo³³/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /bue⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /vue³¹/ |
Rime | |
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Character | 梅 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Initial (聲) | 明 (4) |
Final (韻) | 灰 (42) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
Openness (開合) | Closed |
Division (等) | I |
Fanqie | 莫杯切 |
Baxter | mwoj |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/muʌi/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/muoi/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/muɒi/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/mwəj/ |
Li Rong |
/muᴀi/ |
Wang Li |
/muɒi/ |
Bernhard Karlgren |
/muɑ̆i/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
méi |
Expected Cantonese Reflex |
mui4 |
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 梅 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
méi |
Middle Chinese |
‹ mwoj › |
Old Chinese |
/*C.mˁə/ |
English | plum tree |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 梅 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
No. | 9302 |
Phonetic component |
母 |
Rime group |
之 |
Rime subdivision |
0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
枚 |
Old Chinese |
/*mɯː/ |
梅
Others:
Shinjitai | 梅 | |
Kyūjitai [1][2][3][4] |
梅 梅 or 梅+ ︀ ? |
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梅󠄀 梅+ 󠄀 ?(Adobe-Japan1) | ||
梅󠄃 梅+ 󠄃 ?(Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho) | ||
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details. |
(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 梅)
⟨me2⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume2⟩ → ⟨ume2⟩ → */uməɨ/ → /ume/
From Old Japanese.[5][6][7]
Probably ultimately from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj),[6][7] with the borrowed me reading gaining a pronounced kind of initial m- sound, perhaps realized as *mme. The phonetic spelling was often rendered as むめ (*mme, mume) from the Heian period,[5][7] with *mme/mume and ume apparently existing in free variation. The reading eventually settled on うめ (ume). Compare the similar pattern of phonetic shift for 馬 (ma → *mma → muma → uma, “horse”), likely from Middle Chinese 馬 (MC maeX).
For quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
⟨me2⟩ → */mːəɨ/ → *⟨mume2⟩ → /mume/
Possibly from Old Japanese.
This reading becomes common during the Heian period,[5][7] later falling into disuse.
Superseded by the ume reading above.
For quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
From a later borrowing of Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).
From Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj). Recorded as Middle Korean ᄆᆡ (moy) (Yale: moy) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Wikisource 梅 (eumhun 매화나무 매 (maehwanamu mae))
Possibly a shift from Middle Chinese 梅 (MC mwoj).[1][2]
梅 (ume2) (kana うめ)
For quotations using this term, see Citations:梅.
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