-ing

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ing"

English Wikipedia has an article on:

-ing

Wikipedia

Alternative forms

-in', -in (colloquial)
-ïng (rare or nonstandard)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/, /ɪn/, /ən/
- Audio (Southern England): (file)
- Audio (US): (file)
(southern North West England, northern West Midlands, Derbyshire, South Yorkshire, Kent) IPA^(key): /ɪŋɡ/^[1]
(Kent, some dialects of General Australian) IPA^(key): /ɪŋk/, /ɪŋɡ/
- Homophone: ink
(US and Canada, sometimes) IPA^(key): /in/, /iŋ/^[2]
- Homophone: een

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, -ung (“-ing”, suffix forming nouns from verbs), from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with Saterland Frisian -enge (“-ing”), West Frisian -ing (“-ing”), Dutch -ing (“-ing”), Low German -ung, -unk (“-ing”), German -ung (“-ing”), Danish -ing (“-ing”), Swedish -ing (“-ing”), Icelandic -ing (“-ing”).

Suffix

-ing

Used to form nouns or noun-like words (or elements of noun phrases) from verbs, denoting the act of doing something, an action, or the embodiment of an action.
1. As true nouns.
  My hearing is not good.
  
  I have had several meetings with him.
2. As gerunds.
  Smoking is bad for your health.
  
  She has a habit of sleeping late.
  
  I like meeting people.
Used to form nouns denoting materials or systems of objects which are used or employed in an action, or considered collectively.
Roofing is material that is used to roof.

Clothing is material with which one is clothed.

The piping is a system of pipes considered collectively.

Usage notes

Compare -tion, which can be applied to some (Latinate) nouns with almost the same meaning:

the activating of the weapon must be stopped

the act of activating the weapon must be stopped

the activation of the weapon must be stopped

In the first and third phrases the words in bold are nouns, while in the second phrase the word in bold is a gerund and the noun is act, cognate with action.

There was formerly a tendency for the final vowel of a word to contract when this suffix was added; hence carrying /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪŋ/, /ˈkæɹ(j)ɪn/, following /ˈfɒlwɪŋ/, /ˈfɒlwɪn/, but analogy has usually now resulted in restoration of the full form (e.g., /ˈkæɹi.ɪŋ/, /ˈfɒloʊ.ɪn/). ^[3] The same kind of analogy has resulted in pronunciations of bottling such as /ˈbɒtəlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtəlɪn/ (for earlier /ˈbɒtlɪŋ/, /ˈbɒtlɪn/).

Synonyms

(act of doing something, action): -tion, -ment
(activity): -ery, -ment
(collection): -age, -ery

Derived terms

(collection):

Translations

The translations below are a guide only. See individual words for precise translations.

to form gerunds

Catalan: -ant (ca), -ent (ca), -int
Danish: -ing (da)
Dutch: -ing (nl)
Esperanto: -ado (eo)
Faroese: -ing
Finnish: -minen (fi), -nti (fi)
French: -age (fr)
Galician: -ando, -endo, -indo
German: Use zu (de) + infinitive
Greek: Use το (el) (to) να (el) (na) + second person singular present verb form
Icelandic: -ing
Interlingua: -ion, -mento, -ar, -er, -ir
Italian: (first-conjugation gerund) -ando, (second- and third-conjugation gerund) -endo
Japanese: (use a verb in continuative form) (i.e., 泳ぎ (oyogi, “swimming”) from 泳ぐ (oyogu, “to swim”)), -の (ja) (-no), -こと (ja) (-koto)
Khmer: ការ (km) (kaa) (prefix)
Lao: please add this translation if you can
Malay: peng--an
Norwegian: -ing (no)
Old Norse: -ing
Persian: ـش
Polish: -anie (pl) n, -cie n
Portuguese: -ando (pt), -endo, -indo
Romanian: -ând, -ind
Spanish: -ando, -endo
Thai: การ- (th) (gaan-), ความ- (th) (kwaam-)
Turkish: -yor, -mekte, -makta

act of doing something

Chinese:
Mandarin: (with no suffix, verbs can be used as nouns)
Danish: -ing (da) c
Dutch: -ing (nl) f (nominalization of the infinitive)
Faroese: -ing f
French: -age (fr) m, -tion (fr) f, -ment (fr) m
German: -ung (de) f
Italian: -zione f (-azione f, -uzione f), -mento m, (informal) -aggio f
Low German: -d n
German Low German: -en f; -inge, -ing f, -unge, -ung

Middle Low German: -t n; -inge f
Norwegian:
Bokmål: -ing (no) m or f

Nynorsk: -ing f
Old Norse: -ing f
Polish: -nie n, -cie n
Romanian: -re f
Russian: -а́ние n (-ánije), -е́ние n (-énije), -о́вка f (-óvka), -ля (ru) f (-lja)
Swedish: -ing (sv) c

materials, systems of objects

Dutch: -werk n, -systeem (nl) n
Faroese: -ing f
Italian: -tura f
Malay: -an (ms)
Old Norse: -ing f

Etymology 2

From Middle English -inge, -ynge, alteration of earlier -inde, -ende, -and (see -and), from Old English -ende (present participle ending), from Proto-West Germanic *-andī, from Proto-Germanic *-andz (present participle ending), from Proto-Indo-European *-onts.

Cognate with West Frisian -end, Dutch -end, German -end, Swedish -and, Icelandic -andi, Gothic -𐌰𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ands), -𐍉𐌽𐌳𐍃 (-ōnds), Latin -ans, -ant-, Ancient Greek -ων (-ōn), Sanskrit -अन्त् (-ant). More at -and.

Suffix

-ing

Used to form present participles of verbs.
Rolling stones gather no moss.

You are making a mess.
- a. 2001, Brian Hall, “Beej's Guide to Network Programming”, “Using Internet Sockets”
  If you are connect()ing to a remote machine […] you can simply call connect(), it'll check to see if the socket is unworthy, and will bind() it to an unused local port if necessary.

Translations

to form present participles

Belizean Creole: di
Chinese:
Cantonese: 緊 / 紧 (yue) (gan²), 住 (zyu⁶)

Mandarin: 著 / 着 (zh), 着 (zh) (zhe), 正在 (zh) (zhèngzài)
Danish: -ende (da)
Dutch: -end
Esperanto: -anta (eo)
Estonian: -v
Faroese: -andi
Finnish: -va (fi), -vä (fi)
French: -ant (fr)
German: -end (de)
Hungarian: -ó (hu)/-ő (hu)
Icelandic: -andi
Interlingua: -ante, -ente, -iente
Italian: (first-conjugation persent participle) -ante, (second- and third-conjugation present participle) -ente (it)
Japanese: ている (ja) ((-te iru))
Khmer: កំពុង (km) (kɑmpuŋ) (prefix)
Kurdish:
Northern Kurdish: -er (ku), -ende (ku), -bar (ku)
Lao: please add this translation if you can
Latin: -ens
Neapolitan: -anno, -enno
Norwegian: -ende (no)
Polish: -ący (pl)
Portuguese: -ando (pt), -endo, -indo
Russian: -ающий (-ajuščij), -ящий (-jaščij), -ущий (-uščij), -ющий (-juščij), -ащий (-aščij), -еющий (-ejuščij), -ующий (-ujuščij), -я́ющий (-jájuščij), -щий (-ščij)
Spanish: -ando (verbs ending in -ar), -iendo, -yendo (verbs ending in -er and -ir)
Swedish: -ande (sv) (verbs ending in -a), -ende (sv) (verbs ending in other letter than -a)
Thai: กำลัง- (gamlang-)
Turkish: -iyor, -yor, -uyor, -ıyor, -üyor, -en (tr), -yen (tr), -an, -yan

Etymology 3

From Middle English -ing, from Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Akin to Old Norse -ingr.

Suffix

-ing

(no longer productive) Forming derivative nouns (originally masculine), with the sense ‘son of, belonging to’, as in placenames, patronymics or diminutives; -ite.
Ealing, Dorking, Reading, Worthing

Browning, Channing, Ewing

‎Middle English *bunt + ‎-ing → ‎bunting

‎skill + ‎-ing → ‎shilling

‎fourth + ‎-ing → ‎farthing
Forming nouns having a specified quality, characteristic, or nature; of the kind of
‎sweet + ‎-ing → ‎sweeting

‎white + ‎-ing → ‎whiting

‎geld + ‎-ing → ‎gelding

Derived terms

terms derived using -ing (etymology 3)

References

[1]
Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.
[2]
Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143
[3]
Jespersen, Otto (1909) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)‎, volumes I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.

Anagrams

IGN, Gin, gin, nig, NGI, GNI

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Alternative forms

-ning

Etymology

From Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [eŋ]

Suffix

-ing c (singular definite -ingen, plural indefinite -inger)

added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process, the result of or the subject performing such action
designates a person of a certain origin or with certain qualities

Declension

More information common gender, Singular ...

common gender	Singular		Plural
common gender	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingen	-inger	-ingerne
genitive	-ings	-ingens	-ingers	-ingernes

Close

Declension of -ing

Synonyms

(added to a verb to form a noun for an action or process): -else, -tion

Derived terms

Danish terms suffixed with -ing

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Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

Etymology 1

Inherited from Middle Dutch -inge, from Old Dutch -inga, -unga, -onga, from Proto-West Germanic *-ingu, *-ungu, from Proto-Germanic *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing f (plural -ingen, diminutive -inkje or -ingetje)

Creates action nouns referring to the performance of a verb, or the result thereof.

Derived terms

Dutch terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch -inc, from Old Dutch -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Alternative forms

-inck, -ink

Suffix

-ing m

(no longer productive) Forms nouns for a person originating from a place or family.

Usage notes

The suffix is no longer productive and is not generally recognised in this meaning. It is found in many place names and surnames, however.

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Alternative forms

-üng

Suffix

-ing

(Erzgebirgisch) -ing

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iŋ(ɡ)/
(Canada) IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/

Suffix

-ing m (plural -ings)

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notes

Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., surbooking, relooking).

Noun

-ing

plural marker
amul (“woman”) : amuling (“women”)

References

Robert L. Bradshaw, Fuyug grammar sketch (2007)

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing. Doublet of native -ung.

Suffix

-ing n (genitive -ings, plural -ings)

(in English borrowings) -ing
(productive, colloquial, humorous) Used to form verbal nouns which jocularly imply that something is a sport, trend, or fashionable concept.
Extremsparing ― extreme saving: saving money as a sport

Cloud-Abwasching ― cloud dish washing: dish washing following the cloud principle
- 2001, Ulrich Busse, Typen von Anglizismen, in: Gerhard von Stickel (ed.), Neues und Fremdes im deutschen Wortschatz, De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston, p. 131-155 [only a mentioning]
  Typen von Anglizismen: von der heilago geist bis Extremsparing – aufgezeigt anhand ausgewählter lexikographischer Kategorisierungen.
  Types of anglicisms: from der heilago geist [Old High German for “the Holy Spirit”] to extreme saving – illustrated by means of selected lexicographic categorisations.
- 2012, Hans Zippert, “Wir verlagern das ganze Leben in die Internetwolke”, in Website of Die Welt:
  Beim Cloud-Abwasching wird das schmutzige Geschirr einfach ausgelagert, damit es keinen Speicherplatz in der Spüle wegnimmt und jeder darauf zugreifen kann, der die Lizenz zum Abwasch hat.
  In cloud dish washing, the dirty crockery is simply swapped out, so it doesn’t take up any memory in the kitchen sink and everybody who has a wash-up licence can access it.

Usage notes

Productive use is chiefly restricted to ad-hoc formations (such as the two examples above).

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Etymology

Inherited from Middle Low German -inc, from Old Saxon -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Suffix

-ing

(Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) Used to form diminutives.

Usage notes

Nouns derived with this suffix are neuters and their plural end in -ings.
The suffix can not only be added to nouns, but also to other parts of speech like adverbs.

Derived terms

Bläuming
Bräuding = Brüderchen (little brother)
Dirning = Dirnken < Dirn (young girl)
Döchting = Töchterchen (little daughter)
fixing
Körling
Nahwersching
nipping

References

Carl Friedrich Müller, Zur Sprache Fritz Reuters. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der mecklenburgischen Mundart, Leipzig: Max Hesse's Verlag, 1902, pp. 41-2, 47.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

(frequentative suffix) Added to a verb or to an onomatopoeic stem to form a verb denoting repetitive action.
kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Usage notes

(frequentative suffix) Variants:
-ong is added to back-vowel words
‎hajol (“to bend”) + ‎-ing → ‎hajlong (“to bow repetitively”)

-eng is added to unrounded front-vowel words
‎derül (“to clear up”) + ‎-ing → ‎dereng (“to dawn; to appear vaguely”)

-öng is added to rounded front-vowel words
‎őrül (“to go insane”) + ‎-ing → ‎őrjöng (“to be wild, furious, raging”)

‎düh (“fury, rage”) + ‎-ing → ‎dühöng (“to be in a raging temper”)

-ang is added to back-vowel words (rare)
lappang (“to lurk”)

-ing is added to front-vowel words (rare)
kering (“to circulate, orbit”)

Derived terms

Hungarian verbs suffixed with -ing

References

-ng in Zaicz, Gábor (ed.). Etimológiai szótár: Magyar szavak és toldalékok eredete (‘Dictionary of Etymology: The origin of Hungarian words and affixes’). Budapest: Tinta Könyvkiadó, 2006, page 568, →ISBN. (See also its 2nd edition.)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing f (noun-forming suffix, genitive singular -ingar, nominative plural -ingar)

-ing; indicates an action performed by a verb

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar
accusative	-ingu	-inguna	-ingar	-ingarnar
dative	-ingu	-ingunni	-ingum	-ingunum
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Close

Declension of -ing (feminine)

Pronunciation

(mainly Early ME) IPA^(key): /unɡ/, [uŋɡ]
IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

Forms gerunds from verbs, typically referring to the process of performing the verb, but also referring to the effect of the verb, what the verb affects, the capability or permission of performing the verb, or that which performs the verb.
Forms collective nouns from verbs meaning "to utilise (a given thing)".

Derived terms

Middle English terms suffixed with -ing

Descendants

English: -ing, -in', -in
Scots: -in, -in', -ing
Yola: -een, -en

References

“-ing(e, suf.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.

Etymology 2

From Old English -ing, from Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

Suffix

-ing

Forms diminutives; these can be either affective or insulting.
(marginally productive) Forms nouns meaning "son of".

Descendants

English: -ing, -in'
Scots: -in, -in', -ing

References

“-ing, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-06-27.

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m, -ing f, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɪŋ/
Rhymes: -ɪŋ

Suffix

-ing m or f or m (see below)

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.
Han var lei av masing. ― He was tired of nagging.
Used to form demonyms.
‎Færøyene + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

Usage notes

The gender is usually m or f (in Bokmål) if the word ended in -ing in Old Norse and m if it ended in -ingr or -ingi. Living things like islending (“Icelander”) and dumming (“idiot”) are usually m whilst inanimate things like stråling (“radiation”) and eting (“the act of eating”) usually are m or f.

Derived terms

Norwegian Bokmål terms suffixed with -ing

References

“-ing” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Norse -ing f.

Suffix

-ing f

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ing.

Derived terms

Norwegian Nynorsk terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

From Old Norse -ingr m, -ingi m.

Suffix

-ing m

Used to form demonyms.
‎Færøyane + ‎-ing → ‎færøying

References

“-ing” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Final

-ing

used in certain adverbs

Derived terms

Suffix

-ing

A suffix denoting the locative form of a noun

References

The Ojibwe People's Dictionary https://ojibwe.lib.umn.edu/word-part/ing-final

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /inɡ/, [iŋɡ]

Etymology 1

Variant of -ung.

Alternative forms

-ung

Suffix

-ing f

Forming nouns from verbs, indicating action, process or material.

Declension

Strong ō-stem:

More information singular, plural ...

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-inga, -inge
accusative	-inge	-inga, -inge
genitive	-inge	-inga
dative	-inge	-ingum

Close

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 2

From Proto-West Germanic *-ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz.

Suffix

-ing m

Forming derivatives of nouns with sense of ‘belonging to, son of’.

Declension

Strong a-stem:

More information singular, plural ...

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-ingas
accusative	-ing	-ingas
genitive	-inges	-inga
dative	-inge	-ingum

Close

Derived terms

Old English terms suffixed with -ing

Alternative forms

-ung

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing f

forms gerund nouns from verbs

Declension

More information feminine, singular ...

feminine	singular		plural
feminine	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar
accusative	-ing	-ingina	-ingar	-ingarnar
dative	-ingu	-ingunni	-ingum	-ingunum
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Close

Declension of -ing (strong ō-stem)

Note the dative -u that is a staple of the declension of these words

Derived terms

Old Norse terms suffixed with -ing

Descendants

Icelandic: -ing, -ung
Faroese: -ing
Norwegian Nynorsk: -ing
Norwegian Bokmål: -ing
Old Swedish: -ing, -ung
- Swedish: -ing, -ung (fossilized)
Danish: -ing

Etymology

From aing (“I, me”).

Pronoun

-ing

clitic possessive of aing (“I, me”); my
- 14th century, Pendakian Sri Ajnyana (Kropak 625) [The Ascension of Sri Ajnyana]‎, line 10:
  "...Saurna sang Sri Ajnyana: `Adiing, ambet ka dini. Mulah ceurik nangtung dinya!..."
  "Sri Ajnyana said: 'My little sister, please come here. Do not weep, standing there!"
anaking – my child

ambuing – my mother

Descendants

Sundanese: -ing

Etymology

Inherited from Old Norse -ing, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō.

Suffix

-ing

Forms gerund nouns from verbs

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

masculine	singular		plural
	indefinite	definite	indefinite	definite
nominative	-ing	-ingin	-ingar	-ingarnar, -inganar
accusative	-ing	-ingina	-ingar	-ingarnar, -inganar
dative	-ing, -ingo	-inginni, -inginne	-ingum, -ingom	-ingumin, -ingomen
genitive	-ingar	-ingarinnar	-inga	-inganna

Close

Declension of -ing (strong ō-stem)

Descendants

Swedish: -ing, -ung

Suffix

-ing

locative

References

Jerry Randolph Valentine (2001) Nishnaabemwin Reference Grammar, University of Toronto, page 194

Etymology

Borrowed from English -ing.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /iŋk/
Rhymes: -iŋk
Syllabification: [please specify syllabification manually]

Suffix

-ing m inan

Forms colloquial or humorous nouns.
‎grzyb + ‎-ing → ‎grzybing

Declension

More information singular, plural ...

	singular	plural
nominative	-ing	-ingi
genitive	-ingu	-ingów
dative	-ingowi	-ingom
accusative	-ing	-ingi
instrumental	-ingiem	-ingami
locative	-ingu	-ingach
vocative	-ingu	-ingi

Close

Declension of -ing

Derived terms

Polish terms suffixed with -ing

Suffix

-ing

Alternative form of -in (“ing”)

Alternative forms

-in

Etymology

Unadapted borrowing from English -ing.

Suffix

-ing m (noun-forming suffix, plural -ings)

forms verbal nouns from verbs

Usage notes

Most terms suffixed with -ing are borrowed directly from English, but some are not (e.g., footing (pseudo-anglicism), puenting, edredoning).

Usage notes

According to Royal Spanish Academy (RAE) prescriptions, unadapted foreign words should be written in italics in a text printed in roman type, and vice versa, and in quotation marks in a manuscript text or when italics are not available. In practice, this RAE prescription is not always followed.

Derived terms

Spanish terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Swedish -ing, -ung, from Old Norse -ing, -ung, from Proto-Germanic *-ingō, *-ungō. Cognate with German -ung.

Suffix

-ing c or f

Used to form verbal nouns from verbs; -ation.

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (verbal noun)

Related terms

-ning
-ung (archaic)

Etymology 2

From Old Swedish -inger, from Old Norse -ingr, from Proto-Germanic *-ingaz. Cognate with Icelandic -ingur, English -ing (derivative suffix).

Suffix

-ing c or m

(rarely productive) added to a noun stem, causing i-mutation (if applicable), forming a noun denoting an inhabitant or original of a particular place, a descendant of a person, etc.; -er, -ite. See also -ling.
‎Skåne (“Scania”) + ‎-ing → ‎skåning (“Scanian”)

‎Island (“Iceland”) + ‎-ing → ‎islänning (“Icelander”)
(rarely productive) diminutive suffix
‎get (“goat”) + ‎-ing → ‎geting (“wasp”)

‎släkt (“(extended) family”) + ‎-ing → ‎släkting (“relative”)

‎galen (“crazy”) + ‎-ing → ‎galning (“crazy person, lunatic, madman”)

Derived terms

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (demonym)

Swedish terms suffixed with -ing (diminutive)

Anagrams

gin, nig

Alternative forms

-ng — for roots ending in vowels

Etymology

Possibly from Spanish -ín. Compare tsikiting with Spanish chiquitín and list of Derived terms.

Pronunciation

(Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ˈiŋ/ [ˈiŋ]
Rhymes: -iŋ
Syllabification: -ing

Suffix

-ing (proper noun-forming suffix, Baybayin spelling ᜒᜅ᜔)

diminutive suffix, used to form diminutives ending in consonants, especially given names, often one already shortened or with a diminutive suffix.

Derived terms

Tagalog terms suffixed with -ing

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

This entry needs pronunciation information. If you are familiar with the IPA then please add some!

Suffix

More information postconsonantal, postvocalic ...

postconsonantal	-ing
postvocalic	-ng

Close

More information Other scripts, Yangi Imlo ...

Other scripts
Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic	-инг‍
Latin	‍
Perso-Arabic (Afghanistan)

Close

-ing

second-person singular possessive suffix, used after a noun ending in a consonant
Bu kitobing. ― This is your book.

Usage notes

When directly addressing another person, it is polite to use the plural -ingiz or -ngiz forms.

[1] [1]
Orton, H. et al., The Linguistic Atlas of England, Croom Helm, London: 1978.

[2] [2]
Allan Metcalf, How We Talk: American Regional English, Houghton Mifflin, Boston: 2000, p 143

[3] [3]
Jespersen, Otto (1909) A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (Sammlung germanischer Elementar- und Handbücher; 9)‎, volumes I: Sounds and Spellings, London: George Allen & Unwin, published 1961, § 9.812, page 275.

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Further reading

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