近
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Remove ads
| ||||||||
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
 | |||
Han character
近 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 卜竹一中 (YHML), four-corner 32302, composition ⿺辶斤)
Derived characters
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1254, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38752
- Dae Jaweon: page 1736, character 18
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3819, character 12
- Unihan data for U+8FD1
Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 近 | |
|---|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 蘄 | *ɡɯ, *kɯl, *ɡɯn |
| 祈 | *ɡɯl |
| 頎 | *ɡɯl |
| 旂 | *ɡɯl |
| 圻 | *ɡɯl, *ŋɡɯːn, *ŋɡɯn |
| 蚚 | *ɡɯl, *ɡɯːls |
| 岓 | *ɡɯl |
| 玂 | *ɡɯl |
| 沂 | *ŋɡɯl |
| 掀 | *qʰan |
| 釿 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋkɯn |
| 齗 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯn |
| 听 | *ŋɡrɯnʔ, *ŋɡɯnʔ |
| 垽 | *ŋrɯns, *qɯns |
| 斤 | *kɯn, *kɯns |
| 菦 | *kɯnʔ |
| 靳 | *kɯns |
| 劤 | *kɯns |
| 勁 | *kɯns, *keŋs |
| 赾 | *kʰɯnʔ |
| 芹 | *ɡɯn |
| 近 | *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns |
| 斦 | *ŋɡɯn |
| 欣 | *qʰɯn |
| 忻 | *qʰɯn |
| 昕 | *qʰɯn |
| 訢 | *qʰɯn |
| 炘 | *qʰɯn, *qʰɯns |
| 邤 | *qʰɯn |
| 庍 | *qʰɯns, *mpreːɡs |
| 焮 | *qʰɯns |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) : semantic 辶 (“walk”) + phonetic 斤 (OC *kɯn, *kɯns) – to be near something.
Etymology
Karlgren (1933) relates 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, *ɡɯns) to 幾 (OC *kɯl, “imminent”).
近 (OC *ɡɯns, “to come near to; to approach”) is the exoactive/causative derivation of 近 (OC *ɡɯnʔ, “to be near”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Compare Proto-Vietic *t-kəɲ, whence Vietnamese gần (“near”).
Pronunciation
- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): jin4
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): jīn
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): jīn
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җин (žin, III)
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kan5 / gan6
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gan3
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): kin1 / gin5
- (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): kan2 / gan6
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): kan5 / gan6
- Gan (Wiktionary): qin5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): jing3
- Northern Min (KCR): gṳ̄ing
- Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gyng5
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gan5
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6jin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): jin5 / jin4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄣˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: jìn
- Wade–Giles: chin4
- Yale: jìn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinn
- Palladius: цзинь (czinʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: jin4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gin
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin²¹³/
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: jīn
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiẽ⁵⁵/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: jīn
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): jin4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җин (žin, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kan5 / gan6
- Yale: káhn / gahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: kan5 / gan6
- Guangdong Romanization: ken5 / gen6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐn¹³/, /kɐn²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note:
- kan5 - vernacular;
- gan6 - literary.
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: gan3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɐn³²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kin1 / gin5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰin³³/, /kin³²/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- kin1 - vernacular;
- gin5 - literary.
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
- Jyutping++: kan2 / gan6
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰɐn²¹/, /kɐn⁵⁵/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
- kan2 - vernacular;
- gan6 - literary.
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: qin5
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕʰin¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiun / khiûn
- Hakka Romanization System: kiun / kiunˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: kiun4 / kiun1
- Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯un⁵⁵/, /kʰi̯un²⁴/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: kiun˖ / kiunˋ
- Sinological IPA: /kʰiun³³/, /kʰiun⁵³/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Sixian:
- khiun - literary;
- khiûn - vernacular.
- Hailu:
- kiun˖ - literary;
- kiunˋ - vernacular.
- Meixian:
- kiun4 - literary;
- kiun1 - vernacular.
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: jing3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gṳ̄ing
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng
- Sinological IPA (key): /køyŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: gyng5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kyŋ²¹/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Lukang, Kinmen, Magong, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǔn
- Tâi-lô: kǔn
- IPA (Quanzhou): /kun²²/
- IPA (Jinjiang, Lukang, Philippines): /kun³³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung, Penang)
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kǐrn
- Tâi-lô: kǐrn
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: geng6 / gêng6 / ging6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kṳ̆ng / kĕng / kĭng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kɯŋ³⁵/, /keŋ³⁵/, /kiŋ³⁵/
- geng6 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
- gêng6 - Jieyang;
- ging6 - Chaoyang.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: gan5
- Sinological IPA (key): /kən²⁴/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: jin5 / jin4
- Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ɕin²¹/, /t͡ɕin⁴⁵/
- (Changsha)
- jin5 - vernacular;
- jin4 - literary.
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
Note:
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: gj+nX, gj+nH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-kərʔ/, /*s-N-kərʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯnʔ/, /*ɡɯns/
Definitions
近
- (of distances) near; close
- (of time) near; close
- intimate; close (on affectionate terms)
- to approach; to be close to
- easy to understand
- (Wenzhounese) to make a profit; to earn
Synonyms
- (near; close):
- (intimate):
- 同衾 (tóngqīn) (literary, figuratively)
- 周密 (zhōumì) (literary, of dealings)
- 密切 (mìqiè)
- 接近 (jiējìn)
- 火熱 / 火热 (huǒrè)
- 熱和 / 热和 (rèhuo) (colloquial)
- 熱火 / 热火 (rèhuǒ) (colloquial)
- 知心 (zhīxīn)
- 緊密 / 紧密 (jǐnmì)
- 親切 / 亲切 (qīnqiè)
- 親善 / 亲善 (qīnshàn) (of relations between countries)
- 親密 / 亲密 (qīnmì)
- 親熱 / 亲热 (qīnrè)
- 親近 / 亲近 (qīnjìn)
- 貼己 / 贴己 (tiējǐ)
- 貼身 / 贴身 (tiēshēn)
- 近乎 (jìnhu) (colloquial)
- 過心 / 过心 (guòxīn) (regional)
- 體己 / 体己
Compounds
- 不近人情 (bùjìn-rénqíng)
- 不近情理
- 不遠不近 / 不远不近
- 中近景
- 假性近視 / 假性近视
- 傅近 (fùjìn)
- 最近 (zuìjìn)
- 凡近
- 切近 (qièjìn)
- 四近
- 大近視眼 / 大近视眼
- 套近乎 (tàojìnhū)
- 將近 / 将近 (jiāngjìn)
- 就近 (jiùjìn)
- 左近 (zuǒjìn)
- 平易近人 (píngyìjìnrén)
- 平易近民
- 年近古稀
- 年近花甲
- 急功近利 (jígōngjìnlì)
- 急功近名
- 性情相近
- 思深語近 / 思深语近
- 恤近忽遠 / 恤近忽远
- 悅近來遠 / 悦近来远
- 愛遠惡近 / 爱远恶近
- 抄近路 (chāo jìnlù)
- 拉近
- 拉近乎
- 挨近 (āijìn)
- 接近 (jiējìn)
- 捨近務遠 / 舍近务远
- 捨近即遠 / 舍近即远
- 捨近求遠 / 舍近求远 (shějìnqiúyuǎn)
- 料遠若近 / 料远若近
- 新近 (xīnjìn)
- 方近
- 晚近
- 淺近 / 浅近 (qiǎnjìn)
- 湊近 / 凑近 (còujìn)
- 漸近 / 渐近 (jiànjìn)
- 相近 (xiāngjìn)
- 短視近利 / 短视近利
- 能近取譬
- 臨近 / 临近 (línjìn)
- 舍近謀遠 / 舍近谋远
- 要近
- 親疏遠近 / 亲疏远近
- 親近 / 亲近 (qīnjìn)
- 言近指遠 / 言近指远
- 言近旨遠 / 言近旨远
- 貴近 / 贵近
- 貼近 / 贴近 (tiējìn)
- 貴遠賤近 / 贵远贱近
- 貴遠鄙近 / 贵远鄙近
- 走近 (zǒujìn)
- 身遠心近 / 身远心近
- 近上
- 近世 (jìnshì)
- 近世史
- 近乎
- 近人 (jìnrén)
- 近代 (jìndài)
- 近似 (jìnsì)
- 近作 (jìnzuò)
- 近似值 (jìnsìzhí)
- 近侍 (jìnshì)
- 近來 / 近来 (jìnlái)
- 近便 (jìnbiàn)
- 近傍
- 近前 (jìnqián)
- 近古 (jìngǔ)
- 近名
- 近因 (jìnyīn)
- 近在咫尺 (jìnzàizhǐchǐ)
- 近在眉睫
- 近在眼前
- 近年 (jìnnián)
- 近思錄 / 近思录
- 近悅遠來 / 近悦远来
- 近情
- 近情近理
- 近憂 / 近忧 (jìnyōu)
- 近房
- 近攝鏡頭 / 近摄镜头
- 近支
- 近新來 / 近新来
- 近旁 (jìnpáng)
- 近日 (jìnrì)
- 近日點 / 近日点 (jìnrìdiǎn)
- 近景
- 近期 (jìnqī)
- 近朱近墨
- 近東 / 近东 (Jìndōng)
- 近歲 / 近岁
- 近水樓臺 / 近水楼台 (jìnshuǐlóutái)
- 近況 / 近况 (jìnkuàng)
- 近海 (jìnhǎi)
- 近海漁業 / 近海渔业
- 近火先燋
- 近焦攝影 / 近焦摄影
- 近理 (jìnlǐ)
- 近甸
- 近畿 (jìnjī)
- 近視 / 近视 (jìnshì)
- 近視眼 / 近视眼 (jìnshìyǎn)
- 近程目標 / 近程目标
- 近習 / 近习
- 近臣 (jìnchén)
- 近處 / 近处 (jìnchù)
- 近親 / 近亲 (jìnqīn)
- 近觀 / 近观
- 近郊 (jìnjiāo)
- 近郊農業 / 近郊农业
- 近鄉情怯 / 近乡情怯
- 近鄰 / 近邻 (jìnlín)
- 近體詩 / 近体诗 (jìntǐshī)
- 迫近 (pòjìn)
- 週近 / 周近
- 逼近 (bījìn)
- 道近易從 / 道近易从
- 遠交近攻 / 远交近攻 (yuǎnjiāojìngōng)
- 遠愁近慮 / 远愁近虑
- 遠近 / 远近 (yuǎnjìn)
- 遠近知名 / 远近知名
- 遠近聞名 / 远近闻名
- 遠近馳名 / 远近驰名 (yuǎnjìnchímíng)
- 鄙近
- 鄰近 / 邻近 (línjìn)
- 鄰近色 / 邻近色
- 附近 (fùjìn)
- 靠近 (kàojìn)
- 鞭辟近裡
- 馳名遠近 / 驰名远近
Further reading
- “Entry #4504”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Remove ads
Wikiwand in your browser!
Seamless Wikipedia browsing. On steroids.
Every time you click a link to Wikipedia, Wiktionary or Wikiquote in your browser's search results, it will show the modern Wikiwand interface.
Wikiwand extension is a five stars, simple, with minimum permission required to keep your browsing private, safe and transparent.
Remove ads