良
From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
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Han character
良 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈日女 (IAV), four-corner 30732, composition ⿱丶艮(GHT) or ⿱丨艮(JK) or ⿱一艮(V))
Derived characters
Descendants
References
- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30597
- Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 2
- Unihan data for U+826F
- Unihan data for U+F97C
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Glyph origin
| Historical forms of the character 良 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
| Old Chinese | |
|---|---|
| 剆 | *raːl, *raːlʔ |
| 郎 | *raːŋ |
| 稂 | *raːŋ |
| 桹 | *raːŋ |
| 鋃 | *raːŋ |
| 硠 | *raːŋ |
| 浪 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
| 蜋 | *raːŋ, *raŋ |
| 琅 | *raːŋ |
| 狼 | *raːŋ |
| 欴 | *raːŋ |
| 踉 | *raːŋ, *raŋ, *raŋs |
| 莨 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
| 艆 | *raːŋ |
| 駺 | *raːŋ |
| 躴 | *raːŋ |
| 筤 | *raːŋ |
| 閬 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
| 哴 | *raːŋ, *raŋs |
| 蓈 | *raːŋ |
| 廊 | *raːŋ |
| 榔 | *raːŋ, *raːŋʔ |
| 螂 | *raːŋ |
| 瑯 | *raːŋ |
| 朗 | *raːŋʔ |
| 朖 | *raːŋʔ |
| 誏 | *raːŋʔ |
| 俍 | *raːŋʔ |
| 崀 | *raːŋʔ |
| 埌 | *raːŋs |
| 蒗 | *raːŋs |
| 娘 | *naŋ |
| 良 | *raŋ |
| 粮 | *raŋ |
| 悢 | *raŋs |
Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊. See also the top component of 复. Unrelated to 食 and 即.
Etymology
Possibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).
Pronunciation 1
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): liong4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): lion1
- Northern Min (KCR): liǒng
- Eastern Min (BUC): luòng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): lyong2 / lyeng2
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6lian
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lian2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
- Wade–Giles: liang2
- Yale: lyáng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
- Palladius: лян (ljan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лён (li͡on, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɑŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: loeng4
- Yale: lèuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: loeng4
- Guangdong Romanization: lêng4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lœːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: liang3
- Sinological IPA (key): /liaŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: liong4
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɔŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
- Hakka Romanization System: liongˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: liong2
- Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: lion1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: liǒng
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɔŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: luòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃uoŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lyong2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lyɒŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: lyeng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /lyøŋ¹³/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liông
- Tâi-lô: liông
- Phofsit Daibuun: lioong
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ²³/
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /liɔŋ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
- Tâi-lô: liâng
- Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /liaŋ²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niû
- Tâi-lô: niû
- Phofsit Daibuun: niuu
- IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /niũ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
Note:
- liông/liâng - literary;
- niû - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: ljang
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*raŋ/
Definitions
良
- good; fine; well
- good; virtuous; respectable
- good person; virtuous person
- (literary) innate; inherent; natural
- very; very much; quite
- (literary) really; certainly; surely
- (obsolete) term of address used by a woman for her husband
- a surname: Liang
- (Catholicism) Leo (papal name)
Synonyms
- (good, fine):
- (very):
- 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
- 十分 (shífēn)
- 危險 / 危险 (Wu)
- 壞 / 坏 (huài)
- 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
- 很 (hěn)
- 極其 / 极其 (jíqí)
- 極度 / 极度 (jídù)
- 極為 / 极为 (jíwéi)
- 極端 / 极端 (jíduān)
- 滾 / 滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 異常 / 异常 (yìcháng)
- 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
- 超 (chāo)
- 非常 (fēicháng)
- 頗 / 颇 (pō) (literary)
- 頗為 / 颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
Compounds
- 不良 (bùliáng)
- 不良之心
- 不良事濟 / 不良事济
- 不良人 (bùliángrén)
- 不良分子
- 不良導體 / 不良导体
- 不良少年 (bùliáng shàonián)
- 不良帥 / 不良帅
- 不良才
- 不良會 / 不良会
- 不良適應 / 不良适应
- 乘堅驅良 / 乘坚驱良
- 乞留乞良
- 優良 / 优良 (yōuliáng)
- 兀良
- 功同良相
- 勿失良機 / 勿失良机
- 吉日良辰
- 吐良
- 品種改良 / 品种改良
- 喪盡天良 / 丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
- 善良 (shànliáng)
- 坐失良機 / 坐失良机
- 壓良為賤 / 压良为贱
- 天付良緣 / 天付良缘
- 天假良緣 / 天假良缘
- 天地良心
- 天理良心
- 天良 (tiānliáng)
- 奧爾良 / 奥尔良 (Ào'ěrliáng)
- 孟良盜馬 / 孟良盗马
- 安良
- 將遇良才 / 将遇良才
- 居心不良 (jūxīnbùliáng)
- 廣結良緣 / 广结良缘
- 張良借箸 / 张良借箸
- 張良擇留 / 张良择留
- 從良 / 从良 (cóngliáng)
- 循良
- 忠孝賢良 / 忠孝贤良
- 忠良 (zhōngliáng)
- 憑良心說 / 凭良心说
- 改良 (gǎiliáng)
- 放良
- 放良書 / 放良书
- 新奧爾良 / 新奥尔良 (Xīn-Ào'ěrliáng)
- 明良
- 昧良心
- 有良心
- 沒良心 / 没良心 (méiliángxīn)
- 消化不良 (xiāohuà bùliáng)
- 淳良
- 溫良 / 温良 (wēnliáng)
- 滅良心 / 灭良心
- 無印良品 / 无印良品
- 營養不良 / 营养不良 (yíngyǎng bùliáng)
- 狄良突盧 / 狄良突卢
- 獲益良多 / 获益良多 (huòyìliángduō)
- 用心良苦
- 百夫良
- 萬杞良 / 万杞良
- 秦良玉
- 精良 (jīngliáng)
- 精金良玉
- 素絲良馬 / 素丝良马
- 純良 / 纯良 (chúnliáng)
- 素行不良
- 美景良辰
- 良久 (liángjiǔ)
- 良人 (liángrén)
- 良伴 (liángbàn)
- 良儔 / 良俦
- 良兵
- 良冶
- 良匠 (liángjiàng)
- 良友 (liángyǒu)
- 良史 (liángshǐ)
- 良善 (liángshàn)
- 良圖 / 良图
- 良士 (liángshì)
- 良多 (liángduō)
- 良夜 (liángyè)
- 良好 (liánghǎo)
- 良媒
- 良家 (liángjiā)
- 良宵 (liángxiāo)
- 良家女子
- 良家婦女 / 良家妇女
- 良家子
- 良家子弟
- 良宵美景
- 良將 / 良将 (liángjiàng)
- 良將賢相 / 良将贤相
- 良工
- 良工心苦
- 良師 / 良师 (liángshī)
- 良師益友 / 良师益友 (liángshīyìyǒu)
- 良庖
- 良弓
- 良弼
- 良心 (liángxīn)
- 良心不安
- 良心未泯
- 良心發現 / 良心发现
- 良心話 / 良心话
- 良性 (liángxìng)
- 良性瘤
- 良性競爭 / 良性竞争
- 良性腫瘤 / 良性肿瘤 (liángxìng zhǒngliú)
- 良方 (liángfāng)
- 良日
- 良時 / 良时
- 良時美景 / 良时美景
- 良月 (Liángyuè)
- 良朋 (liángpéng)
- 良朋益友
- 良材
- 良機 / 良机 (liángjī)
- 良民 (liángmín)
- 良深
- 良玉精金
- 良田 (liángtián)
- 良田美地
- 良相
- 良知 (liángzhī)
- 良知良能
- 良禽擇木 / 良禽择木 (liángqínzémù)
- 良種 / 良种 (liángzhǒng)
- 良窳
- 良策 (liángcè)
- 良緣 / 良缘 (liángyuán)
- 良耜
- 良能
- 良臣 (liángchén)
- 良莠不一
- 良莠不分
- 良莠不齊 / 良莠不齐 (liángyǒubùqí)
- 良莠淆雜 / 良莠淆杂
- 良藥 / 良药 (liángyào)
- 良藥苦口 / 良药苦口 (liángyàokǔkǒu)
- 良言 (liángyán)
- 良謀 / 良谋 (liángmóu)
- 良貴 / 良贵
- 良質 / 良质
- 良賤 / 良贱 (liángjiàn)
- 良質米 / 良质米
- 良質美手 / 良质美手
- 良辰 (liángchén)
- 良辰吉日 (liángchénjírì)
- 良辰媚景
- 良辰美景 (liángchénměijǐng)
- 良造
- 良遊 / 良游
- 良遇
- 良醞 / 良酝
- 良醞可戀 / 良酝可恋
- 良醫 / 良医
- 良金美玉
- 良馬 / 良马 (liángmǎ)
- 良駒 / 良驹 (liángjū)
- 誣良為盜 / 诬良为盗
- 賢妻良母 / 贤妻良母 (xiánqīliángmǔ)
- 賢良 / 贤良
- 賣良姜 / 卖良姜
- 賢良方正 / 贤良方正
- 迫良為娼 / 迫良为娼
- 逼良為娼 / 逼良为娼 (bīliángwéichāng)
- 金玉良言 (jīnyùliángyán)
- 金石良言 (jīnshíliángyán)
- 錯失良機 / 错失良机
- 除暴安良 (chúbào'ānliáng)
- 馬良 / 马良 (Mǎliáng)
- 馬良白眉 / 马良白眉
- 馴良 / 驯良 (xùnliáng)
- 駿良 / 骏良
- 黃道良辰 / 黄道良辰
Pronunciation 2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liǎng
- Wade–Giles: liang3
- Yale: lyǎng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leang
- Palladius: лян (ljan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: loeng5
- Yale: léuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: loeng5
- Guangdong Romanization: lêng5
- Sinological IPA (key): /lœːŋ¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
良
References
- (Min Nan) “Query for 良”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
- “良”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
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Kanji
良
Readings
Compounds
- 良い (yoi), 良い (ii, “good, beneficial”)
- 良さ (yosa, “merit, virtue”)
- 良く (yoku, “well, much”)
- 良好 (ryōkō, “good, fine”)
- 良質 (ryōshitsu, “good quality”)
- 良否 (ryōhi, “quality”)
- 良心 (ryōshin, “conscience”)
- 良識 (ryōshiki, “good sense”)
- 良い男 (yoi otoko, “handsome man”)
- 良導体 (ryōdōtai, “good conductor”)
- 良い天気 (yoi tenki, “fair weather”)
- 良かったら (yokattara, “if you like”)
- 最良 (sairyō, “best, ideal”)
- 優良 (yūryō, “superior, excellent”)
- 改良 (kairyō, “improvement, reform”)
- 不良 (furyō, “badness, delinquency”)
- 善良 (zenryō, “goodness, excellence”)
- 野良 (nora, “the fields”)
- 純良品 (junryōbin, “genuine article”)
- 仲良し (nakayoshi, “intimacy, bosom buddy”)
- 読み良い (yomiyoi, “easy to read”)
- 気分が良い (kibun ga yoi, “feel good”)
- 健康に良い (kenkō ni yoi, “be good for the health”)
- 丁度良い時に (chōdo yoi toki ni, “none too soon”)
Etymology
Noun
Proper noun
- a male given name
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Etymology
From Middle Chinese 良 (MC ljang).
Pronunciation
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠ŋ] ~ [ɾja̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [양/량]
Hanja
良 (eumhun 어질 량 (eojil ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 어질 양 (eojil yang))
Compounds
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Etymology 1
Phonogram
良 (*a)
- A syllabic phonogram denoting the syllable *a (generally not word-initial)
Etymology 2
Suffix
良 (*-a)
- The verbal and adjectival infinitive suffix.
Descendants
Etymology 3
Particle
良 (*-a)
- in; at; on; locative case marker, attested primarily in hyangga poems
- c. 750, 月明師 (Wolmyeongsa), “祭亡妹歌 (Jemangmae-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:
- 一等隱枝良出古
- *HAton KACI-a NA-kwo
- even though they sprout on a single branch
Usage notes
- First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 中 (*-kuy). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 良 (*-a) in isolation is not encountered. The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
- After the fourteenth century, Korean scribes occasionally reused the character 良 to write 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy). This is a feature of Middle Korean writing, not Old Korean.
Descendants
See also
References
- 배대은 (Bae Dae-eun) (1996) “이두 처격조사의 통시적 고찰 [Idu cheogyeok josa-ui tongsijeok gochal, A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
- 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
- Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
- Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72
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Han character
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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