Helen Garner

Early career and fiction writing

Garner came to prominence at a time when Australian writers were relatively few in number, and Australian women writers were, by some, considered a novelty. Australian academic and writer, Kerryn Goldsworthy, writes that "From the beginning of her writing career Garner was regarded as, and frequently called, a stylist, a realist, and a feminist".^[18]

Her first novel, Monkey Grip (1977), relates the lives of a group of fledgeling artists, single parents, drug addicts and welfare recipients living in Melbourne share-houses. In particular focus is the increasingly co-dependent relationship between single mother Nora and Javo, a flaky junkie whom Nora is in love with, despite him repeatedly drifting in and out of her life. The novel, set in inner-city Melbourne suburbs Fitzroy and Carlton, was written in the domed reading room at the State Library of Victoria, after Garner's teaching dismissal.^[19][20] Years later she stated that she had adapted it directly from her personal diaries and based the relationship between Nora and Javo on a relationship she had with a man at the time.^[21] Other peripheral characters in the book were based on people in Garner's own social circle from Melbourne share-houses. Monkey Grip was very successful: it won the National Book Council Award in 1978 and was adapted into a film in 1982.^[8]

Goldsworthy suggests that the success of Monkey Grip may well have helped revive the careers of two older but largely ignored Australian women writers, Jessica Anderson and Thea Astley.^[22] Astley wrote of the novel that "I am filled with envy by someone like Helen Garner for instance. I re-read Monkey Grip a while ago and it's even better second time through".^[23] Critics have retrospectively applied the term grunge lit to describe Monkey Grip, citing its depiction of urban life and social realism as key aspects of later works in the subgenre.^[24]

In subsequent books, she has continued to adapt her personal experiences. Her later novels are The Children's Bach (1984) and Cosmo Cosmolino (1992). In 2008 she returned to fiction writing with the publication of The Spare Room, a fictional treatment of caring for a dying cancer patient, based on the illness and death of Garner's friend Jenya Osborne.^[25] She has also published several short-story collections: Honour & Other People's Children: Two Stories (1980), Postcards from Surfers (1985) and My Hard Heart: Selected Fictions (1998).

In 1986, Australian academic and critic Don Anderson wrote of The Children's Bach: "There are four perfect short novels in the English language. They are, in chronological order, Ford Madox Ford's The Good Soldier, Scott Fitzgerald's The Great Gatsby, Hemingway's The Sun Also Rises and Garner's The Children's Bach."^[26] The Australian composer Andrew Schultz wrote an opera of the same name, which premiered in 2008.

Garner said, in 1985, that writing novels was like "trying to make a patchwork quilt look seamless. A novel is made up of scraps of our own lives and bits of other people's, and things we think of in the middle of the night and whole notebooks full of randomly collected details".^[27] In an interview in 1999, she said that "My initial reason for writing is that I need to shape things so I can make them bearable or comprehensible to myself. It's my way of making sense of things that I've lived and seen other people live, things that I'm afraid of, or that I long for".^[28]

Not all critics have liked Garner's work. Goldsworthy writes, "It is certainly the case that Garner is someone whose work elicits strong feelings ... and people who dislike her work are profoundly irritated by those who think she is one of the best writers in the country".^[29] Novelist and reviewer Peter Corris wrote in his review of Monkey Grip that Garner "has published her private journal rather than written a novel", while Peter Pierce wrote in Meanjin of Honour & Other People's Children that Garner "talks dirty and passes it off as realism".^[30] Goldsworthy suggests that these two statements imply that she is not really a writer. Craven, though, argues that her novella The Children's Bach "should put paid to the myth of Helen Garner as a mere literalist or reporter",^[31] arguing, in fact, that it "is light-years away from any sprawling-tell-it-all naturalism, [that] it is concentrated realism of extraordinary formal polish and the amount of tonal variation which it gets from its seemingly simple plot is multifoliate to the point of being awesome".^[32]

Screen writing

She has written three screenplays: Monkey Grip (1982), written with and directed by Ken Cameron; Two Friends (1986), directed by Jane Campion for TV; and The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992), directed by Gillian Armstrong. The relationship between two characters in The Last Days of Chez Nous was loosely inspired by the extramarital affair Garner's second husband had with her sister.^[33]

Critic Peter Craven writes that "Two Friends is arguably the most accomplished piece of screenwriting the country has seen and it is characterised by a total lack of condescension towards the teenage girls at its centre".^[34]

Non-fiction writing

Garner has written non-fiction from the beginning of her career as a writer. In 1972 she was fired from her teaching job after publishing in The Digger, a counter-culture magazine, an anonymous account of frank and extended discussions she had with her students about sexuality and sexual activities. She wrote for this magazine from 1972 to 1974.^[9] In 1993, she won a Walkley Award for her Time magazine account of a murder trial following the death of a toddler at the hands of his stepfather.

One of her most famous and controversial books is The First Stone (1995), an account of a 1992 sexual harassment scandal at Ormond College. It was a best-seller in Australia^[36] but also attracted considerable criticism. Garner had received hate-mail from women in Australia who accused her of derailing the feminist debate, and closing ranks with the abuser. She has since commented: "Sometimes I would have these kind of panic attacks caused by the hostility that some people showed towards me. I guess I knew there was going to be trouble, but the vitriolic nature of it gave me a bit of a shock".^[37]

Garner's other non-fiction books are True Stories: Selected Non-Fiction (1996), The Feel of Steel (2001), Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004) and This House of Grief – The Story of a Murder Trial (2014). She also contributed to La Mama, the Story of a Theatre (1988). Joe Cinque's Consolation details a notorious murder case in Canberra involving a law student, Anu Singh, who drugged and murdered her boyfriend. It was adapted into a feature film in 2016. The film had premiers at both the Melbourne Film Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival, where it was generally well received, although detractors felt that the absence of Garner's voice from the story impacted the film—James Robert Douglas, writing for The Guardian, stated the film adaptation contained the "bones but not the wisdom of Garner's book".^[38]

Themes

Garner has covered a broad range of themes in her work, including feminism, love, loss, grief, ageing, illness, death, murder, betrayal, addiction and the duality of the human psyche, particularly in manifestations of "good" and "evil".^[40] Her earliest work, Monkey Grip, is well known for its untamed depiction of heroin addiction. Its central character, a single mother, falls in love with an addict in an inner-city bohemian Melbourne suburb, dotted with junkies and share houses, during the 1970s. Drug addiction, however, was not a subject Garner would revisit, aside from touching on recreational drug use among university students in Joe Cinque's Consolation. However, Monkey Grip did establish Garner's trademark theme of obsession, particularly in conjunction with love and sexuality—enmeshed with substance abuse mirroring the addiction of romantic love.^[41]

Some of her novels address "sexual desire and the family",^[42] exploring "the relationship between sexual behaviour and social organisation; the anarchic nature of desire and the orderly force of the institution of 'family'; the similarities and differences between collective households and nuclear families; the significance and the language of housework; [and] the idea of 'the house' as image, symbol, site and peace."^[43] Garner has become known for her depiction of Australian life, both in the city and rural regions—she was born in Geelong and spent much of her life in Melbourne, approximately 75 kilometres (47 miles) from her hometown. Anne Myers, in an article written for The Sydney Morning Herald, recognised Garner's portrayals of the location of Melbourne as essential to Monkey Grip itself as any character: "Garner was writing Melbourne into the literary landscape and for the first time I saw my own world reflected back at me".^[44]

Joe Cinque's Consolation, This House of Grief and, to a lesser extent, The First Stone were commentaries on the justice system in Australia, how (and if) it adequately responds to crime, and the question of culpability.

Craven comments that Garner is "always an extremely accurate writer in terms of the emotional states she depicts".^[45] Many of her books touch upon the inexplicable, irrational, and dark side to human behaviour—as well as Garner's attempts to understand human behaviour and sociology, which often eludes the average Australian and wider society, as well as the Australian justice system. In The Fate of The First Stone, Garner writes that she believes most people would prefer to keep incomprehensible stories of extreme behaviour at "arm's length" because it is "more comfortable, easier".^[46] Peter Craven wrote that Garner is fearless in her honesty: "she shows us what she does not know or is too blind to see: she shows us the poverty of the self in the face of impercipience caused by sentiment or anger, prejudice, ignorance or dumb incapacity." He further commented on her ability to sometimes identify with the story's perceived villain, "[the] transgressor who at some level shares our own fingerprints".^[47] Similarly, various critics and journalists have highlighted Garner's portrayal of "ordinary people" caught up in extraordinary experiences, or the everyday person who, "under life's unbearable pressures", has "surrendered to their darker selves".^[48][49] James Wood, in a profile on Garner published in The New Yorker, stated that her work is absorbed in issues of gender and class, which he writes are "not categories so much as structures of feeling, variously argued over, enjoyed, endured, and escaped".^[50]

As part of her depiction of Australian life, Garner’s work often included an exploration of masculinity and its codes, an exploration that found a focussed expression in The Season^[51], which observed adolescent boys transitioning into adulthood within the framework of Australian Rules Football.^[52][53]

Novels

• Monkey Grip (1977)
• Moving Out (1983)
• The Children's Bach (1984)
• Cosmo Cosmolino (1992)
• The Spare Room (2008)

Short story collections

• Honour & Other People's Children: Two Stories (1980)
• Postcards from Surfers (1985)^[55]
• My Hard Heart: Selected Fictions (1998)^[56]
• Stories: The Collected Short Fiction (2017)^[57]

Screenplays

• Monkey Grip (1982, directed and co-written by Ken Cameron)
• Two Friends (1986, telemovie, directed by Jane Campion)
• The Last Days of Chez Nous (1992, directed by Gillian Armstrong)

Non-fiction

• La Mama: History of a Theatre (Liz Jones with Betty Burstall and Helen Garner, 1988)
• The First Stone (1995)
• True Stories: Selected Non-Fiction (1996)^[58]
• And the Winner Is–: Eighteen Winning Stories from Eltham's Alan Marshall Award, Australian Authors, Both Winners and Judges, Discuss Their Work in a Book about Writing (authors Helen Garner and Jon Weaving) (1997)
• The Feel of Steel (2001)^[59]
• Joe Cinque's Consolation (2004)
• Somewhere to Belong: A Blueprint for 21st Century Youth Clubs (authors Helen Garner and Julia Hargreaves) (2009)
• This House of Grief – The Story of a Murder Trial (2014)
• Regions of Thick-Ribbed Ice (2015)
• Everywhere I Look (2016)
• True Stories: The Collected Short Non-Fiction (2017)^[57]
• The Season (2024)

Autobiographies

• Yellow Notebook: Diaries Volume I 1978–1987 (2019)
• One Day I'll Remember This: Diaries 1987–1995 (2020)
• How To End A Story: Diaries 1995-1998 (2021)

Essays and reporting

• "Man with the Pearl-White Cord", Dec 2005 – Jan 2006, No. 8, The Monthly
• "Moving Experience", September 2005, No. 5, The Monthly
• "Punishing Lauren", June 2005, No. 2, The Monthly
• "A Date with Darcy", 18 January 2013 The Sydney Morning Herald

Critical studies and reviews of Garner's work

• Parker, David (July–August 1996). "The range of goods we live by : some reflections on the Garner controversy". Quadrant. 40 (7–8 [328]): 33–38.