KornShell

ksh93u+m
Developer(s)	Martijn Dekker, Johnothan King, hyenias
Stable release	1.0.9 / July 2, 2024; 5 months ago
Repository	github.com/ksh93/ksh
Predecessor	93u+
License	Eclipse Public License
Website	github.com/ksh93/ksh/wiki

ksh2020
Developer(s)	Kurtis Rader, Siteshwar Vashisht, community
Final release	2020 / October 10, 2019; 5 years ago
Repository	github.com/ksh2020/ksh
Predecessor	93v-
License	Eclipse Public License
Website	kornshell.com

KornShell
	Interaction with OpenBSD's default shell, pdksh
Original author(s)	David Korn
Initial release	1983; 41 years ago
Final release	93u+ / August 1, 2012; 12 years ago
Preview release	93v- / December 24, 2014; 9 years ago
Repository	github.com/att/ast
Written in	C
Operating system	Unix and Unix-like (e.g. Linux and macOS; also works in Windows 10)
Available in	English
Type	Unix shell
License	AT&T KornShell: Eclipse Public License; pdksh: Public domain with some ISC-like code; mksh: MirOS Licence; dtksh: Eclipse Public License with some LGPL;
Website	kornshell.com

KornShell (ksh) is a Unix shell which was developed by David Korn at Bell Labs in the early 1980s and announced at USENIX on July 14, 1983.^[1]^[2] The initial development was based on Bourne shell source code.^[7] Other early contributors were Bell Labs developers Mike Veach and Pat Sullivan, who wrote the Emacs and vi-style line editing modes' code, respectively.^[8] KornShell is backward-compatible with the Bourne shell and includes many features of the C shell, inspired by the requests of Bell Labs users.

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KornShell complies with POSIX.2, Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992.) Major differences between KornShell and the traditional Bourne shell include:

job control, command aliasing, and command history designed after the corresponding C shell features; job control was added to the Bourne Shell in 1989^[9]
a choice of three command line editing styles based on vi, Emacs, and Gosling Emacs
associative arrays and built-in floating-point arithmetic operations (only available in the ksh93 version of KornShell)
dynamic search for functions
mathematical functions
process substitution and process redirection
C-language-like expressions
enhanced expression-oriented for and while loops
dynamic extensibility of (dynamically loaded) built-in commands (since ksh93)
reference variables
hierarchically nested variables
variables can have member functions associated with them
object-oriented-programming (since ksh93t)
- variables can be objects with member (sub-)variables and member methods
- object methods are called with the object variable name followed (after a dot character) by the method name
- special object methods are called on: object initialization or assignment, object abandonment (unset)
- composition and aggregation is available, as well as a form of inheritance

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Thumb — Korn Shell running on Windows Services for UNIX

KornShell was originally proprietary software. In 2000 the source code was released under a license particular to AT&T, but since the ksh93q release in early 2005 it has been licensed under the Eclipse Public License.^[4] KornShell is available as part of the AT&T Software Technology (AST) Open Source Software Collection. As KornShell was initially only available through a proprietary license from AT&T, a number of free and open source alternatives were created. These include pdksh, mksh, Bash, and Z shell.

The functionality of the original KornShell, ksh88, was used as a basis for the standard POSIX.2, Shell and Utilities, Command Interpreter (IEEE Std 1003.2-1992).

Some vendors still ship their own versions of the older ksh88 variant, sometimes with extensions. ksh93 is maintained on GitHub.^[10]

As "Desktop KornShell" (dtksh), ksh93 is distributed as part of the Common Desktop Environment.^[11] This version also provides shell-level mappings for Motif widgets. It was intended as a competitor to Tcl/Tk.^[12]

The original KornShell, ksh88, became the default shell on AIX in version 4,^[13]^[14] with ksh93 being available separately.^[15]

UnixWare 7 includes both ksh88 and ksh93. The default Korn shell is ksh93, which is supplied as /usr/bin/ksh, and the older version is available as /usr/bin/ksh88.^[16] UnixWare also includes dtksh when CDE is installed.

The ksh93 distribution underwent a less stable fate after the authors left AT&T around 2012 at stable version ksh93u+. The primary authors continued working on a ksh93v- beta branch until around 2014. That work was eventually taken up primarily by Red Hat in 2017 (due to customer requests) and resulted in the eventual initial release of ksh2020^[17] in the fall of 2019. That initial release (although fixing several prior stability issues) introduced some minor breakage and compatibility issues.^[18] In March 2020, AT&T decided to roll back the community changes, stash them in a branch, and restart from ksh93u+, as the changes were too broad and too ksh-focused for the company to absorb into a project in maintenance mode.^[19]^[20] Bugfix development continues on the ksh93u+m branch, based on the last stable AT&T release (ksh93u+ 2012-08-01).^[21] ksh2020 ^[22] was released as a "major release for several reasons"^[23] such as removal of EBCDIC support, dropping support for binary plugins written for ksh93u+ and removal of some broken math functions, but has never been maintained or supported by AT&T (not even on its initial release date).

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For the purposes of the lists below, the main software branch of KSH is defined as the original program, dating from July 1983, up and through the release of KSH2020 in late 2019. Continuing development of follow-on versions (branches) of KSH have split into different groups starting in 2020 and are not elaborated on below.

Primary individual contributors

The following are listed in a roughly ascending chronological order of their contributions:

David G. Korn (AT&T Bell Laboratories, AT&T Laboratories, and Google; and creator)
Glenn S. Fowler (AT&T Bell Laboratories, AT&T Laboratories)
Kiem-Phong Vo (AT&T Bell Laboratories, AT&T Laboratories)
Adam Edgar (AT&T Bell Laboratories)
Michael T. Veach (AT&T Bell Laboratories)
Patrick D. Sullivan (AT&T Bell Laboratories)
Matthijs N. Melchior (AT&T Network Systems International)
Karsten-Fleischer (Omnium Software Engineering)
Boyer-Moore
Siteshwar Vashisht (Red Hat)
Kurtis Raider

Integration consultant

Roland Mainz

Primary corporate contributors

The following are listed in a roughly ascending chronological order of their contributions:

Donated corporate resources

Besides the primary major contributing corporations (listed above), some companies have contributed free resources to the development of KSH. These are listed below (alphabetically ordered):

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There are several forks and clones of KornShell:

dtksh – a fork of ksh93 included as part of CDE.
tksh – a fork of ksh93 that provides access to the Tk widget toolkit.
oksh – a port of OpenBSD's variant of KornShell, intended to be maximally portable^[24] across operating systems. It was used as the default shell in DeLi Linux 7.2.
loksh – a Linux port of OpenBSD's variant of KornShell, with minimal changes.^[25]
mksh – a free implementation of the KornShell language, forked from OpenBSD pdksh. It was originally developed for MirOS BSD and is licensed under permissive (though not public domain) terms; specifically, the MirOS Licence.^[6] In addition to its usage on BSD, this variant has replaced pdksh on Debian,^[26] and is the default shell on Android.
SKsh – an AmigaOS variant that provides several Amiga-specific features, such as ARexx interoperability.^[27] In this tradition MorphOS uses pdksh in its SDK.
MKS Inc.'s MKS Korn shell – a proprietary implementation of the KornShell language from Microsoft Windows Services for UNIX (SFU) up to version 2.0; according to David Korn, the MKS Korn shell was not fully compatible with KornShell in 1998.^[28]^[29] In SFU version 3.0 Microsoft replaced the MKS Korn shell with a new POSIX.2-compliant shell as part of Interix.^[30]
KornShell is included in UWIN, a Unix compatibility package by David Korn.^[31]
/bin/sh in Doug Gwyn's (US Army BRL) System V on BSD package included Ron Natalie's version of the SVR2 /bin/sh that had both job control and command line editing. This was a contemporary of the original ksh at a time when it had not escaped AT&T. This was subsequently the /bin/sh that shipped with all the CMU Mach-derived systems.^[32]

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[1]
Ron Gomes (Jun 9, 1983). "Toronto USENIX Conference Schedule (tentative)". Newsgroup: net.usenix. Retrieved Dec 29, 2010.
[2]
Guy Harris (Oct 10, 1983). "csh question". Newsgroup: net.flame. Retrieved Dec 29, 2010.
[3]
"Korn Shell Launcher for Windows Subsystem for Linux « Musings". blog.fpmurphy.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29.
[4]
"ast-open package". AT&T Research. n.d. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
[5]
"LEGAL". Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
[6]
"MirBSD Korn Shell". Mirbsd.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
[7]
Korn, David G. (October 26, 1994), "ksh - An Extensible High Level Language", Proceedings of the USENIX 1994 Very High Level Languages Symposium, USENIX Association, retrieved February 5, 2015, Instead of inventing a new script language, we built a form entry system by modifying the Bourne shell, adding built-in commands as necessary.
[8]
Bolsky, Morris I.; Korn, David G. (1989). "Acknowledgements". The KornShell Command and Programming Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. xii. ISBN 0-13-516972-0.
[9]
"traditional Bourne shell family / history and development". In-ulm.de. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
[10]
"This is the AT&T Software Technology ast software download site from AT&T Research. The AT&T AST OpenSource Software Collection provides an overview and Practical Reusable UNIX Software." Github.com. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
[11]
Bill Rosenblatt; Arnold Robbins (2002). Learning the Korn Shell (2 ed.). O'Reilly. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 978-0-596-00195-7.
[12]
Pendergrast, J. Stephen (1995). Desktop KornShell graphical programming. Addison-Wesley. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-201-63375-7.
[13]
Casey Cannon; Scott Trent; Carolyn Jones (1999). Simply AIX 4.3. Prentice Hall. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-13-021344-0.
[14]
"IBM Knowledge Center". IBM. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
[15]
"IBM Knowledge Center". IBM. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
[16]
"UNIX95 conformance". Uw714doc.sco.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
[17]
"ksh2020". GitHub. 26 Feb 2021.
[18]
"ksh2020 changelog". GitHub. 29 May 2020.
[19]
"Rewinding this repo and encouraging community · Issue #1466 · att/ast". GitHub.
[20]
"segfault with extended globs · #1464 · att/ast". GitHub.
[21]
"ksh 93u+m". GitHub. 17 November 2021.
[22]
"2020.0.0: Stable release of ksh-2020.0.0". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-01-29. Note: ksh2020 is not maintained or supported
[23]
"ksh 2020.0.0 CHANGELOG". GitHub. 2021-01-29.
[24]
"oksh at GitHub". GitHub. 1 August 2020.
[25]
"loksh at GitHub". GitHub. 15 October 2021.
[26]
"5.11. The PDKSH to MKSH transition". Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-28.
[27]
"Aminet - util/Shell/SKsh21.LZH".
[28]
"David Korn Tells All". Slashdot. 7 February 2001. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
[29]
"Jerry Feldman — USENIX NT/LISA NT conference attendee". Lists.blu.org. 29 August 1998. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
[30]
"Windows Services for UNIX Version 3.0". Technet.microsoft.com. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
[31]
Anatole Olczak (2001). The Korn shell: Unix and Linux programming manual. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-201-67523-8.
[32]
Natalie, Ron (2023-01-30). ""Job Control and other terminal fun"". From the TUHS ("The Unix Heritage Society") mailing list. Archived from the original on 2024-07-07. Retrieved 2024-07-07. ... The Berkeley job control was an interesting hack. For us at BRL the problem was I absolutely detested the C shell syntax. The Korn shell hadn't escaped from AT&T yet, so, I spent time figuring out how that really worked in the C shell (not really well documented), mostly by inspection, and then reimplemented it in the Bourne Shell (we were using the System V source code version for that). I still couldn't get traction at BRL for using the Bourne shell because by that time, tcsh had come out with command line editing. So back to the shell sources I went. By this time, 5R2 had come out so I grabbed the shell source form[sic] that. [...] I reworked emacs-ish command line editing into the shell. Subsequently, I had a nice conversation with David Korn at USENIX, being probably at that point the two most familiar with Bourne shell job control internals. I also sat down with the guys writing either bash or the pdksh (can't remember which) and explained all how this work[sic]. ... Years later I, had left the BRL, spent three years as a Rutgers administrator and was working for a small startup in Virginia. There was a MIPS workstation there. I was slogging along using ed... Not thinking about it, I attempted to retrieve a backgrounded job by typing "fg." To my surprise the shell printed "Job control not enabled." Hmm, I say. That sounds like my error message. "set -J" I type. "Job control enabled." Hey! This is my shell. Turns out Doug Gwyn put my mods into his "System V on BSD" distribution tape and it had made its way into the Mach code base and so every Mach-derived system ended up with it.

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Morris I. Bolsky; David G. Korn (1995). The new KornShell command and programming language. Prentice Hall PTR. ISBN 978-0-13-182700-4.
David G. Korn; Charles J. Northrup; Jeffery Korn (July 1996). "The New KornShell—ksh93". Linux Journal (27). Archived from the original on 2015-10-11.

ksh93 man page at the Wayback Machine (archived June 5, 2013)
ksh88 man page at the Wayback Machine (archived November 5, 2015)
Public Domain Korn shell (pdksh) at the Wayback Machine (archived October 21, 2016)
MirBSD Korn Shell (mksh)
mksh(1) – MirOS BSD i386 General Commands Manual

[Gomes-1] [1]
Ron Gomes (Jun 9, 1983). "Toronto USENIX Conference Schedule (tentative)". Newsgroup: net.usenix. Retrieved Dec 29, 2010.

[Harris-2] [2]
Guy Harris (Oct 10, 1983). "csh question". Newsgroup: net.flame. Retrieved Dec 29, 2010.

[3] [3]
"Korn Shell Launcher for Windows Subsystem for Linux « Musings". blog.fpmurphy.com. Retrieved 2021-01-29.

[ksh93epl-4] [4]
"ast-open package". AT&T Research. n.d. Archived from the original on October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 19, 2022.

[pdksh_LEGAL-5] [5]
"LEGAL". Archived from the original on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2010-06-10.

[mkshlicense-6] [6]
"MirBSD Korn Shell". Mirbsd.org. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[7] [7]
Korn, David G. (October 26, 1994), "ksh - An Extensible High Level Language", Proceedings of the USENIX 1994 Very High Level Languages Symposium, USENIX Association, retrieved February 5, 2015, Instead of inventing a new script language, we built a form entry system by modifying the Bourne shell, adding built-in commands as necessary.

[8] [8]
Bolsky, Morris I.; Korn, David G. (1989). "Acknowledgements". The KornShell Command and Programming Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. xii. ISBN 0-13-516972-0.

[9] [9]
"traditional Bourne shell family / history and development". In-ulm.de. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[10] [10]
"This is the AT&T Software Technology ast software download site from AT&T Research. The AT&T AST OpenSource Software Collection provides an overview and Practical Reusable UNIX Software." Github.com. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[RosenblattRobbins2002-11] [11]
Bill Rosenblatt; Arnold Robbins (2002). Learning the Korn Shell (2 ed.). O'Reilly. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 978-0-596-00195-7.

[Pendergrast1995-12] [12]
Pendergrast, J. Stephen (1995). Desktop KornShell graphical programming. Addison-Wesley. p. 359. ISBN 978-0-201-63375-7.

[CannonTrent1999-13] [13]
Casey Cannon; Scott Trent; Carolyn Jones (1999). Simply AIX 4.3. Prentice Hall. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-13-021344-0.

[14] [14]
"IBM Knowledge Center". IBM. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[15] [15]
"IBM Knowledge Center". IBM. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[UW714doc-16] [16]
"UNIX95 conformance". Uw714doc.sco.com. Retrieved 10 December 2018.

[17] [17]
"ksh2020". GitHub. 26 Feb 2021.

[18] [18]
"ksh2020 changelog". GitHub. 29 May 2020.

[19] [19]
"Rewinding this repo and encouraging community · Issue #1466 · att/ast". GitHub.

[20] [20]
"segfault with extended globs · #1464 · att/ast". GitHub.

[21] [21]
"ksh 93u+m". GitHub. 17 November 2021.

[22] [22]
"2020.0.0: Stable release of ksh-2020.0.0". GitHub. Retrieved 2021-01-29. Note: ksh2020 is not maintained or supported

[23] [23]
"ksh 2020.0.0 CHANGELOG". GitHub. 2021-01-29.

[24] [24]
"oksh at GitHub". GitHub. 1 August 2020.

[25] [25]
"loksh at GitHub". GitHub. 15 October 2021.

[debmksh-26] [26]
"5.11. The PDKSH to MKSH transition". Archived from the original on 2014-07-28. Retrieved 2014-07-28.

[27] [27]
"Aminet - util/Shell/SKsh21.LZH".

[28] [28]
"David Korn Tells All". Slashdot. 7 February 2001. Retrieved 2009-10-22.

[29] [29]
"Jerry Feldman — USENIX NT/LISA NT conference attendee". Lists.blu.org. 29 August 1998. Retrieved 2009-10-22.

[30] [30]
"Windows Services for UNIX Version 3.0". Technet.microsoft.com. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 2009-10-22.

[Olczak2001-31] [31]
Anatole Olczak (2001). The Korn shell: Unix and Linux programming manual. Addison-Wesley Professional. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-201-67523-8.

[32] [32]
Natalie, Ron (2023-01-30). ""Job Control and other terminal fun"". From the TUHS ("The Unix Heritage Society") mailing list. Archived from the original on 2024-07-07. Retrieved 2024-07-07. ... The Berkeley job control was an interesting hack. For us at BRL the problem was I absolutely detested the C shell syntax. The Korn shell hadn't escaped from AT&T yet, so, I spent time figuring out how that really worked in the C shell (not really well documented), mostly by inspection, and then reimplemented it in the Bourne Shell (we were using the System V source code version for that). I still couldn't get traction at BRL for using the Bourne shell because by that time, tcsh had come out with command line editing. So back to the shell sources I went. By this time, 5R2 had come out so I grabbed the shell source form[sic] that. [...] I reworked emacs-ish command line editing into the shell. Subsequently, I had a nice conversation with David Korn at USENIX, being probably at that point the two most familiar with Bourne shell job control internals. I also sat down with the guys writing either bash or the pdksh (can't remember which) and explained all how this work[sic]. ... Years later I, had left the BRL, spent three years as a Rutgers administrator and was working for a small startup in Virginia. There was a MIPS workstation there. I was slogging along using ed... Not thinking about it, I attempted to retrieve a backgrounded job by typing "fg." To my surprise the shell printed "Job control not enabled." Hmm, I say. That sounds like my error message. "set -J" I type. "Job control enabled." Hey! This is my shell. Turns out Doug Gwyn put my mods into his "System V on BSD" distribution tape and it had made its way into the Mach code base and so every Mach-derived system ended up with it.

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KornShell

Primary individual contributors

Integration consultant

Primary corporate contributors

Donated corporate resources

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Features

History

Primary contributions to the main software branch

Variants

See also

References

Further reading

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