Caubeen

British Army

In the British Army, the caubeen is officially known as the "bonnet, Irish, green".

In 1916, the Irish Guards established a pipe band. The pipers' uniform was a mix of standard service dress and bandsman dress, and also included a khaki bonnet, saffron-coloured kilts and green hose. The khaki bonnet was named "caubeen" by the Guards pipers, and was similar to an oversized beret. Some sources have stated the caubeen's similarity to the Scottish tam o' shanter, but the two are different in appearance: the tam o' shanter retaining much more of a 'dinner-plate' effect on the wearer's head, while the caubeen resembles an oversized beret. The two had different quartermaster codes, meaning that the caubeen was not simply a tam o' shanter with the toorie cut off, but a purpose-made article in its own right. In World War II, a number of British army regiments adopted both khaki and rifle-green caubeens as their headdress, replacing the GS cap.^[4]

Each regiment was distinguished by the feather hackle in their caps: the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers wore their traditional grey hackles, the Royal Irish Fusiliers wore their traditional green hackles, the Irish Guards and London Irish Rifles were granted blue hackles, and the Liverpool Irish wore a blue-and-red hackle. The Royal Ulster Rifles did not get a band until 1948, so they did not receive their black hackles until 1947.

In 1937, the London Irish Rifles extended the caubeen's wear to the entire regiment.^[5] In World War II, they were the only soldiers to wear the caubeen until 1944, when the 2nd Battalion of the London Irish were serving with the Irish Brigade in Italy. The 2nd Battalion of the Inniskilling Regiment started wearing caubeens made from Italian soldiers' greatcoats in January 1944, and the 6th Battalion of their regiment soon copied them.

In February 1944, the British Army fortuitously made the "general service" cap (a sort of oversized beret made from serge wool) the new standard undress cap. The caubeen passed muster, as the exact form of the GS cap had not been formalized at the time, and their retailoring of the stocks of GS caps went largely unnoticed by the ACI.^{[clarification needed]}

In 1947, the wearing of the caubeen was later extended to all of the infantry regiments in the post-war North Irish Brigade, with the Royal Ulster Rifles receiving a black hackle.

The Royal Irish Rangers (formed in 1968 by the amalgamation of the remaining regiments in the North Irish Brigade, The Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, The Royal Ulster Rifles and The Royal Irish Fusiliers) were granted the wearing of the caubeen with the Irish Fusiliers' green hackle. It continues to be worn by the Royal Irish Regiment, created by the amalgamation of the Royal Irish Rangers and the Ulster Defence Regiment in 1992.

A navy blue caubeen, with hackle of three vertical stripes in colours matching the Royal Signals stable belt, was worn by officers, warrant officers and senior non-commissioned officers of the now disbanded 40 (Ulster) Signal Regiment. WOs and SNCOs wore an anodised metal Royal Signals cap badge, while officers wore an embroidered cap badge. The caubeen was retained by 69 (North Irish Horse) Signal Squadron on resubordination to 32 Signal Regiment. The squadron was subsequently retitled 40 (North Irish Horse) Signal Squadron.

The modern caubeen is worn very high on the off-side (usually the left), which makes it resemble a tilted rimless Balmoral bonnet. It is often made with narrow black tapes that are worn tied neatly in the back; the Canadian version is made with wide tapes.^{[citation needed]} It is traditionally rifle green in colour, and typically worn with a unit insignia (sometimes worn with a short colored plume called a hackle, indicating regimental association) pinned on the off side of the cap.^{[citation needed]}

Canadian Army

The caubeen remains the headdress for the 2nd Battalion, the Irish Regiment of Canada. It is a Primary Reserve light infantry regiment of the Canadian Army. The regiment was formed in Toronto in 1915 as the 110th Irish Regiment.^[6] The caubeen is worn with a green hackle, but not to designate it as a fusilier regiment as in the British Army sense; it was a gift from a commanding officer of the London Irish to the Irish Regiment of Canada during the Battle of Coriano, Italy. The regiment also wear an O'Saffron tartan kilt and scarlets. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the regimental dress was in slow decline, but more recently, the regiment has been re-issuing regimental dress at a steady pace.

South African Army

The caubeen has been worn by members of the South African Irish Regiment, a Reserve Infantry battalion within the South African National Defence Force.^[7]

Irish Defence Forces

Irish Defence Force Pipers wear a black caubeen with black trim and tails^[8]