Ligusticum

Ligusticum
	Ligusticum mutellinoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Subfamily:	Apioideae
Genus:	Ligusticum; L.
Type species
	Ligusticum scoticum; L.

Ligusticum (lovage,^[2]^: 824 licorice root^[3]) is a genus of about 60 species of flowering plants in the family Apiaceae,^[4] native to cool temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Its name is believed to derive from the Italian region of Liguria.^[5]

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Ligusticum ajanense
Ligusticum albanicum
Ligusticum apiifolium
Ligusticum brachylobum
Ligusticum calderi
Ligusticum californicum
Ligusticum canadense
Ligusticum canbyi - Canby's licorice root
Ligusticum filicinum
Ligusticum gingidium
Ligusticum grayi - oshala, Gray's lovage
Ligusticum holopetalum
Ligusticum hultenii
Ligusticum huteri
Ligusticum ibukicola
Ligusticum monnieri
Ligusticum mutellina – alpine lovage
Ligusticum porteri – oshá
Ligusticum scoticum – Scots lovage
Ligusticum striatum
Ligusticum tenuifolium – Idaho lovage
Ligusticum verticillatum – northern lovage

Former species

Ligusticum mutellinoides – small alpine lovage, is a synonym of Neogaya simplex (L.) Meisn.^[6]

Moved to Conioselinum

In 2003, Pimenov moved a number of species to Conioselinum as he found them closer related to C. tataricum (the type species of C.) than to L. scoticum (the type species of L.).^[7] Another change C. anthriscoides ← L. sinense was made in 2015, as the C. sinomedicum name assigned in 2003 was illegitimate.<^[8]

L. acuminatum → C. acuminatum
L. filifolium → C. nematophyllum
L. gmelinii → C. chinense
L. pteridophyllum → C. pteridophyllum ≡ L. pteridophylla, L. reptans
L. pseudoangelica → C. pseudoangelica = L. glaucifolium
L. sinense → [heterotypic] C. anthriscoides = L. chuanxiong,^[9] L. markgrafianum, L. pilgerianum (≡ L. harry-smithii)
- gaoben 藁本; Szechuan lovage, Szechwan lovage, chuanxiong, chuan xiong 川芎
L. smithii → C. smithii = L. longilobum (≡ L. longiloba), L. jeholense
C. sinchianum = L. moniliforme
L. tenuisectum → C. tenuisectum
L. vaginatum → [heterotypic] C. tataricum
L. tenuissimum → C. tenuissimum ≡ Angelica tenuissima = L. multifidum

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The roots of several species are used as medicinal herbs. L. sinense (in older literature L. wallichi or L. chuanxiong) is one of the 50 fundamental herbs used in Chinese herbology, where it is called chuānxiōng (川芎); in English, Szechwan lovage.^[10] Chinese Ligusticum root contains alkaloids that have been shown in studies to inhibit TNF-alpha production and TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation.^[11] One study conducted in Japan showed the active compounds found in Ligusticum sinense have both anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing effects, exerting its anti-inflammatory benefits in the early and the late stages of processes in the inflammatory pathology.^[12]

L. porteri (osha) is used in Western herbal medicine.^{[citation needed]}

Both Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholens essential oils contain natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents.^[13]

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[1]
Le Roy Abrams; Roxana Stinchfield Ferris (1923). "Ligusticum L. Sp. Pl. 250. 1753". Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae, geraniums to figworts. An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Vol. 3. Stanford University Press. pp. 235–237. ISBN 9780804700054.
[2]
Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.
[3]
NRCS. "Ligusticum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2 June 2015.
[4]
Menglan She; Fading Pu; Zehui Pan; Mark Watson; John F. M. Cannon; Ingrid Holmes-Smith; Eugene V. Kljuykov; Loy R. Phillippe; Michael G. Pimenov (2005). "Ligusticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753". In Flora of Chinaial Committee; Wu Zhengyi; Peter Raven (eds.). Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Flora of China. Vol. 14. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 9781930723412.
[5]
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
[6]
"Neogaya simplex". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
[7]
Pimenov, Michael G.; Kljuykov, Eugene V.; Ostroumova, Tatiana A. (2003). "A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World". Willdenowia. 33 (2): 353–377. doi:10.2307/3997438. ISSN 0511-9618.
[8]
Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of Conioselinum (Umbelliferae). Skvortsovia 2(1): 28-34. PDF
[9]
"Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.
[10]
"Page about use in Chinese medicine". Archived from the original on 2006-10-29. Retrieved 2006-10-16.
[11]
Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, Giner-Larza EM, Ríos JL (2003). "Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions". J Pharm Pharmacol. 9 (55): 1275–82. doi:10.1211/0022357021620. PMID 14604471. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-05.
[12]
Jim English (2010). "Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis". Nutrition Review. 5 (2). Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-29.
[13]
Jihua Wang, Liang Xu, Ling Yang, Zhilong Liu and Ligang Zhou "Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholense (Umbelliferae) from China" Rec. Nat. Prod. 5:4 (2011) 314-318 Records of Natural Products

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[1] [1]
Le Roy Abrams; Roxana Stinchfield Ferris (1923). "Ligusticum L. Sp. Pl. 250. 1753". Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae, geraniums to figworts. An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Vol. 3. Stanford University Press. pp. 235–237. ISBN 9780804700054.

[Stace-2] [2]
Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521707725.

[3] [3]
NRCS. "Ligusticum". PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2 June 2015.

[4] [4]
Menglan She; Fading Pu; Zehui Pan; Mark Watson; John F. M. Cannon; Ingrid Holmes-Smith; Eugene V. Kljuykov; Loy R. Phillippe; Michael G. Pimenov (2005). "Ligusticum Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 250. 1753". In Flora of Chinaial Committee; Wu Zhengyi; Peter Raven (eds.). Apiaceae through Ericaceae. Flora of China. Vol. 14. Science Press & Missouri Botanical Garden Press. ISBN 9781930723412.

[rhs-5] [5]
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.

[6] [6]
"Neogaya simplex". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2 November 2021.

[7] [7]
Pimenov, Michael G.; Kljuykov, Eugene V.; Ostroumova, Tatiana A. (2003). "A Revision of Conioselinum Hoffm. (Umbelliferae) in the Old World". Willdenowia. 33 (2): 353–377. doi:10.2307/3997438. ISSN 0511-9618.

[PK-8] [8]
Pimenov, M.G. & Kljuykov, E.V. 2015. Nomenclatural correction for a Chinese species of Conioselinum (Umbelliferae). Skvortsovia 2(1): 28-34. PDF

[9] [9]
"Ligusticum chuanxiong S.H.Qiu, Y.Q.Zeng, K.Y.Pan, Y.C.Tang & J.M.Xu | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online.

[10] [10]
"Page about use in Chinese medicine". Archived from the original on 2006-10-29. Retrieved 2006-10-16.

[11] [11]
Prieto JM, Recio MC, Giner RM, Máñez S, Giner-Larza EM, Ríos JL (2003). "Influence of traditional Chinese anti-inflammatory medicinal plants on leukocyte and platelet functions". J Pharm Pharmacol. 9 (55): 1275–82. doi:10.1211/0022357021620. PMID 14604471. Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2012-01-05.

[12] [12]
Jim English (2010). "Traditional Chinese Herbs for Arthritis". Nutrition Review. 5 (2). Archived from the original on 2011-12-10. Retrieved 2011-12-29.

[13] [13]
Jihua Wang, Liang Xu, Ling Yang, Zhilong Liu and Ligang Zhou "Composition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Essential Oils from Ligusticum sinense and L. jeholense (Umbelliferae) from China" Rec. Nat. Prod. 5:4 (2011) 314-318 Records of Natural Products

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Ligusticum

Former species

Moved to Conioselinum

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Species

Uses

References

Ligusticum

Ligusticum mutellinoides
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Apiales
Family:	Apiaceae
Subfamily:	Apioideae
Genus:	Ligusticum L.
Type species
Ligusticum scoticum L. ^[1]