Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10⁻⁶⁷ kg and 10⁵² kg. The least massive thing listed here is a graviton, and the most massive thing is the observable universe. Typically, an object having greater mass will also have greater weight (see mass versus weight), especially if the objects are subject to the same gravitational field strength.

More information Submultiples, Multiples ...

SI multiples of gram (g)
Submultiples			Multiples
Value	SI symbol	Name	Value	SI symbol	Name
10⁻¹ g	dg	decigram	10¹ g	dag	decagram
10⁻² g	cg	centigram	10² g	hg	hectogram
10⁻³ g	mg	milligram	10³ g	kg	kilogram
10⁻⁶ g	μg	microgram (mcg)	10⁶ g	Mg	megagram (tonne)
10⁻⁹ g	ng	nanogram	10⁹ g	Gg	gigagram
10⁻¹² g	pg	picogram	10¹² g	Tg	teragram
10⁻¹⁵ g	fg	femtogram	10¹⁵ g	Pg	petagram
10⁻¹⁸ g	ag	attogram	10¹⁸ g	Eg	exagram
10⁻²¹ g	zg	zeptogram	10²¹ g	Zg	zettagram
10⁻²⁴ g	yg	yoctogram	10²⁴ g	Yg	yottagram
10⁻²⁷ g	rg	rontogram	10²⁷ g	Rg	ronnagram
10⁻³⁰ g	qg	quectogram	10³⁰ g	Qg	quettagram
Common prefixes are in bold face.^[1]

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The table at right is based on the kilogram (kg), the base unit of mass in the International System of Units (SI). The kilogram is the only standard unit to include an SI prefix (kilo-) as part of its name. The gram (10⁻³ kg) is an SI derived unit of mass. However, the names of all SI mass units are based on gram, rather than on kilogram; thus 10³ kg is a megagram (10⁶ g), not a *kilokilogram.

The tonne (t) is an SI-compatible unit of mass equal to a megagram (Mg), or 10³ kg. The unit is in common use for masses above about 10³ kg and is often used with SI prefixes. For example, a gigagram (Gg) or 10⁹ g is 10³ tonnes, commonly called a kilotonne.

Other units

Other units of mass are also in use. Historical units include the stone, the pound, the carat, and the grain.

For subatomic particles, physicists use the mass equivalent to the energy represented by an electronvolt (eV). At the atomic level, chemists use the mass of one-twelfth of a carbon-12 atom (the dalton). Astronomers use the mass of the sun (M_☉).

The least massive things: below 10⁻²⁴ kg

Unlike other physical quantities, mass–energy does not have an a priori expected minimal quantity, or an observed basic quantum as in the case of electric charge. Planck's law allows for the existence of photons with arbitrarily low energies. Consequently, there can only ever be an experimental upper bound on the mass of a supposedly massless particle; in the case of the photon, this confirmed upper bound is of the order of 3×10⁻²⁷ eV/c² = 10⁻⁶² kg.

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁻⁶⁷	1.07×10⁻⁶⁷ kg	Graviton, upper bound (6×10⁻³² eV/c²)^[2]
10⁻⁴⁰	4.2×10⁻⁴⁰ kg	Mass equivalent of the energy of a photon at the peak of the spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation (0.235 meV/c²)^[3]
10⁻³⁶	1.8×10⁻³⁶ kg	1 eV/c², the mass equivalent of one electronvolt^[4]
10⁻³⁶	3.6×10⁻³⁶ kg	Electron neutrino, upper limit on mass (2 eV/c²)^[5]
10⁻³³ quectogram (qg)
10⁻³¹	9.11×10⁻³¹ kg	Electron (511 keV/c²), the lightest elementary particle with a measured nonzero rest mass^[6]
10⁻³⁰ rontogram (rg)	3.0–5.5×10⁻³⁰ kg	Up quark (as a current quark) (1.7–3.1 MeV/c²)^[7]
10⁻²⁸	1.9×10⁻²⁸ kg	Muon (106 MeV/c²)^[8]
10⁻²⁷ yoctogram (yg)	1.661×10⁻²⁷ kg	Dalton (Da), a.k.a. unified atomic mass unit (u)
	1.673×10⁻²⁷ kg	Proton (938.3 MeV/c²)^[9]^[10]
	1.674×10⁻²⁷ kg	Hydrogen atom, the lightest atom
	1.675×10⁻²⁷ kg	Neutron (939.6 MeV/c²)^[11]^[12]
10⁻²⁶	1.2×10⁻²⁶ kg	Lithium atom (6.941 Da)
	3.0×10⁻²⁶ kg	Water molecule (18.015 Da)
	8.0×10⁻²⁶ kg	Titanium atom (47.867 Da)
10⁻²⁵	1.1×10⁻²⁵ kg	Copper atom (63.546 Da)
	1.6×10⁻²⁵ kg	Z boson (91.2 GeV/c²)^[13]
	2.2×10⁻²⁵ kg	Higgs boson (125 GeV/c²)
	3.1×10⁻²⁵ kg	Top quark (173 GeV/c²),^[14] the heaviest known elementary particle
	3.2×10⁻²⁵ kg	Caffeine molecule (194 Da)
	3.5×10⁻²⁵ kg	Lead-208 atom
	4.9×10⁻²⁵ kg	Oganesson-294 atom, the heaviest known nuclide

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10⁻²⁴ to 10⁻¹⁸ kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁻²⁴ zeptogram (zg)	1.2×10⁻²⁴ kg	Buckyball molecule (720 Da)
10⁻²³	1.4×10⁻²³ kg	Ubiquitin, a small protein (8.6 kDa)^[15]
10⁻²³	5.5×10⁻²³ kg	A typical protein (median size of roughly 300 amino acids ≈ 33 kDa)^[16]
10⁻²²	1.1×10⁻²² kg	Haemoglobin A molecule in blood (64.5 kDa)^[17]
10⁻²¹ attogram (ag)	1.65×10⁻²¹ kg	Double-stranded DNA molecule consisting of 1,578 base pairs (995 kDa)^[18]
	4.3×10⁻²¹ kg	Prokaryotic ribosome (2.6 MDa)^[19]
	7.1×10⁻²¹ kg	Eukaryotic ribosome (4.3 MDa)^[19]
	7.6×10⁻²¹ kg	Brome mosaic virus, a small virus (4.6 MDa)^[20]
10⁻²⁰	3×10⁻²⁰ kg	Synaptic vesicle in rats (16.1 ± 3.8 MDa)^[21]
10⁻²⁰	6.8×10⁻²⁰ kg	Tobacco mosaic virus (41 MDa)^[22]
10⁻¹⁹	1.1×10⁻¹⁹ kg	Nuclear pore complex in yeast (66 MDa)^[23]
10⁻¹⁹	2.5×10⁻¹⁹ kg	Human adenovirus (150 MDa)^[24]

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10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻¹² kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁻¹⁸ femtogram (fg)	1×10⁻¹⁸ kg	HIV-1 virus^[25]^[26]
10⁻¹⁸ femtogram (fg)	4.7×10⁻¹⁸ kg	DNA sequence of length 4.6 Mbp, the weight of the E. coli genome^[27]
10⁻¹⁷	~1×10⁻¹⁷ kg	Vaccinia virus, a large virus^[28]
10⁻¹⁷	1.1×10⁻¹⁷ kg	Mass equivalent of 1 joule^[29]
10⁻¹⁶	3×10⁻¹⁶ kg	Prochlorococcus cyanobacteria, the smallest (and possibly most plentiful)^[30] photosynthetic organism on Earth^[31]^[32]
10⁻¹⁵ picogram (pg)	1×10⁻¹⁵ kg	E. coli bacterium (wet weight)^[33]
10⁻¹⁵ picogram (pg)	6×10⁻¹⁵ kg	DNA in a typical diploid human cell (approximate)
10⁻¹⁴	2.2×10⁻¹⁴ kg	Human sperm cell^[32]^[34]
10⁻¹⁴	6×10⁻¹⁴ kg	Yeast cell (quite variable)^[35]^[36]
10⁻¹³	1.5×10⁻¹³ kg	Dunaliella salina, a green alga (dry weight)^[37]

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10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁶ kg

Scanning electron micrograph showing grains of sand

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁻¹² nanogram (ng)	1×10⁻¹² kg	Average human cell (1 nanogram)^[38]
	2–3×10⁻¹² kg	HeLa human cell^[39]^[40]^[41]
	8×10⁻¹² kg	Grain of birch pollen^[42]
10⁻¹¹
10⁻¹⁰	2.5×10⁻¹⁰ kg	Grain of maize pollen^[43]
10⁻¹⁰	3.5×10⁻¹⁰ kg	Very fine grain of sand (0.063 mm diameter, 350 nanograms)
10⁻⁹ microgram (μg)	3.6×10⁻⁹ kg	Human ovum^[32]^[44]
10⁻⁹ microgram (μg)	2.4×10⁻⁹ kg	US RDA for vitamin B12 for adults^[45]
10⁻⁸	10⁻⁸ kg	Speculated approximate lower limit of the mass of a primordial black hole
	1.5×10⁻⁸ kg	US RDA for vitamin D for adults^[46]
	~2×10⁻⁸ kg	Uncertainty in the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (IPK) (±~20 μg)^[47]
	2.2×10⁻⁸ kg	Planck mass,^[48] can be expressed as the mass of a 2 Planck Length radius black hole
	~7×10⁻⁸ kg	One eyelash hair (approximate)^[49]
10⁻⁷	1.5×10⁻⁷ kg	US RDA for iodine for adults^[50]
10⁻⁷	2–3×10⁻⁷ kg	Fruit fly (dry weight)^[51]^[52]

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10⁻⁶ to 1 kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁻⁶ milligram (mg)	2.5×10⁻⁶ kg	Mosquitoes, common smaller species (about 2.5 milligrams),^[53] grain of salt or sand,^[54] medicines are typically expressed in milligrams^[55]
10⁻⁵ centigram (cg)	1.1×10⁻⁵ kg	Small granule of quartz (2 mm diameter, 11 milligrams)^[56]
10⁻⁵ centigram (cg)	2×10⁻⁵ kg	Adult housefly (Musca domestica, 21.4 milligrams)^[57]
10⁻⁴ decigram (dg)	0.27–2.0×10⁻⁴ kg	Range of amounts of caffeine in one cup of coffee (27–200 milligrams)^[58]
	1.5×10⁻⁴ kg	A frame of 35mm motion picture film (157 milligrams)^[59]
	2×10⁻⁴ kg	Metric carat (200 milligrams)^[59]
10⁻³ gram (g)	1×10⁻³ kg	One cubic centimeter of water (1 gram)^[60]
	1×10⁻³ kg	US dollar bill (1 gram)^[61]
	~1×10⁻³ kg	Two raisins (approximately 1 gram)^[62]
	~8×10⁻³ kg	Coins of one euro (7.5 grams),^[63] one U.S. dollar (8.1 grams)^[64] and one Canadian loonie (7 grams [pre-2012], 6.27 grams [2012-])^[65]
10⁻² decagram (dag)	1.2×10⁻² kg	Mass of one mole (6.02214×10²³ atoms) of carbon-12 (12 grams)
	1.37×10⁻² kg	Amount of ethanol defined as one standard drink in the U.S. (13.7 grams)^[66]
	2–4×10⁻² kg	Adult mouse (Mus musculus, 20–40 grams)^[67]
	2.8×10⁻² kg	Ounce (avoirdupois) (28.3495 grams)^[59]
	4.7×10⁻² kg	Mass equivalent of the energy that is 1 megaton of TNT equivalent^[59]^[68]
10⁻¹ hectogram (hg)	0.1-0.2 kg	An orange (100–200 grams)^[69]
	0.142-0.149 kg	A baseball used in the major league.^[70]
	0.454 kg	Pound (avoirdupois) (453.6 grams)^[59]

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1 kg to 10⁵ kg

Iron weights up to 50 kilograms depicted in *Dictionnaire encyclopédique de l'épicerie et des industries annexes*.

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
1 kg kilogram (kg)	1 kg	One litre (0.001 m³) of water^[71]
	1–3 kg	Smallest breed of dog (Chihuahua)^[72]
	1–3 kg	Typical laptop computer, 2010^[73]
	1–3 kg	Adult domestic tortoise
	2.5–4 kg	Newborn human baby^[74]
	4.0 kg	Women's shot^[75]
	4–5 kg	Housecat^[76]
	7.26 kg	Men's shot^[75]
10¹	9–27 kg	Medium-sized dog^[77]
	10–30 kg	A CRT computer monitor or television set^{[citation needed]}
	50 kg	Large dog breed (Great Dane)
	70 kg	Adult human^[78]
10²	130–180 kg	Mature lion, female (130 kg) and male (180 kg)^[79]
	200–250 kg	Giant tortoise
	240–450 kg	Grand piano^[80]^[81]
	400–900 kg	Dairy cow^[82]
	500–500,000 kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of white dwarf material (0.5–500 tonnes)^[83]^[84]
	635 kg	Heaviest human in recorded history (Jon Brower Minnoch)
	907.2 kg	1 short ton (2000 pounds - U.S.)^[59]
10³ megagram (Mg)	1000 kg	1 tonne (U.S. spelling: metric ton)^[59]
	1000 kg	1 cubic metre of water^[71]
	1016.05 kg	Ton (British) / 1 long ton (2240 pounds - U.S.)^[59]
	1300–1600 kg	Typical passenger cars^[85]
	2700–6000 kg	Adult elephant^[86]
10⁴	1.1×10⁴ kg	Hubble Space Telescope (11 tonnes)^[87]
	1.2×10⁴ kg	Largest elephant on record (12 tonnes)^[88]
	1.4×10⁴ kg	Big Ben (bell) (14 tonnes)^[89]
	2.7×10⁴ kg	ENIAC computer, 1946 (30 tonnes)^[90]
	4×10⁴ kg	Maximum gross mass (truck + load combined) of a semi-trailer truck in the EU (40–44 tonnes)^[91]
	5×10⁴–6×10⁴ kg	Tank; Bulldozer (50–60 tonnes)
	6.0×10⁴ kg	Largest single-piece meteorite, Hoba West Meteorite (60 tonnes)^[92]
	7.3×10⁴ kg	Largest dinosaur, Argentinosaurus (73 tonnes)^[93]
10⁵	1.74-1.83×10⁵ kg	Operational empty weight of a Boeing 747-300
	1.8×10⁵ kg	Largest animal ever, a blue whale (180 tonnes)^[94]
	4.2×10⁵ kg	International Space Station (417 tonnes)^[95]
	6×10⁵ kg	World's heaviest aircraft: Antonov An-225 (maximum take-off mass: 600 tonnes, payload: 250 tonnes)^[96]

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10⁶ to 10¹¹ kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁶ gigagram (Gg)	1×10⁶ kg	Trunk of the giant sequoia tree named General Sherman, largest living tree by trunk volume (1121 tonnes)^[97]
	2.0×10⁶ kg	Launch mass of the Space Shuttle (2041 tonnes)^[98]
	6×10⁶ kg	Largest clonal colony, the quaking aspen named Pando (largest living organism) (6000 tonnes)^[99]
	7.8×10⁶ kg	Virginia-class nuclear submarine (submerged weight)^[100]
10⁷	1×10⁷ kg	Annual production of Darjeeling tea^[101]
	5.2×10⁷ kg	RMS Titanic when fully loaded (52,000 tonnes)^[102]
	9.97×10⁷ kg	Heaviest train ever: Australia's BHP Iron Ore, 2001 record (99,700 tonnes)^[103]
10⁸	6.6×10⁸ kg	Largest ship and largest mobile man-made object, Seawise Giant, when fully loaded (660,000 tonnes)^[104]
10⁸	7×10⁸ kg	Heaviest (non-pyramid) building, Palace of the Parliament in Bucharest, Romania^[105]
10⁹ teragram (Tg)	4.3×10⁹ kg	Amount of matter converted into energy by the Sun each second^[106]
10⁹ teragram (Tg)	6×10⁹ kg	Great Pyramid of Giza^[107]
10¹⁰	6×10¹⁰ kg	Amount of concrete in the Three Gorges Dam, the world's largest concrete structure^[108]^[109]
10¹¹	~1×10¹¹ kg	The mass of a primordial black hole with an evaporation time equal to the age of the universe^[110]
	2×10¹¹ kg	Amount of water stored in London storage reservoirs (0.2 km³)^[111]
	6×10¹¹ kg	Total mass of the world's human population^[112]
	5×10¹¹ kg	Total biomass of Antarctic krill, one of the most plentiful animal species on the planet in terms of biomass^[113]

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10¹² to 10¹⁷ kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10¹² petagram (Pg)	0.8–2.1×10¹² kg	Global biomass of fish^[114]
	4×10¹² kg	Global annual human food production^[115]
	4×10¹² kg	World crude oil production in 2009 (3,843 Mt)^[116]
	5.5×10¹² kg	A teaspoon (5 ml) of neutron star material (5000 million tonnes)^[117]
10¹³	1×10¹³ kg	Mass of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko^[118]
10¹³	4×10¹³ kg	Global annual human carbon dioxide emission^[119]^[120]
10¹⁴	1.05×10¹⁴ kg	Global net primary production – the total mass of carbon fixed in organic compounds by photosynthesis each year on Earth^[121]
10¹⁴	7.2×10¹⁴ kg	Total carbon stored in Earth's atmosphere^[122]
10¹⁵ exagram (Eg)	2.0×10¹⁵ kg	Total carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere^[123]
10¹⁵ exagram (Eg)	3.5×10¹⁵ kg	Total carbon stored in coal deposits worldwide^[124]
10¹⁶	1×10¹⁶ kg	951 Gaspra, the first asteroid ever to be closely approached by a spacecraft (rough estimate)^[125]
	1×10¹⁶ kg	Rough estimate of the total carbon content of all organisms on Earth.^[126]
	3×10¹⁶ kg	Rough estimate of everything produced by the human species.^[127]
	3.8×10¹⁶ kg	Total carbon stored in the oceans.^[128]
10¹⁷	1.6×10¹⁷ kg	Prometheus, a shepherd satellite for the inner edge of Saturn's F Ring^[129]

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10¹⁸ to 10²³ kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10¹⁸ zettagram (Zg)	5.1×10¹⁸ kg	Earth's atmosphere^[130]
10¹⁸ zettagram (Zg)	5.6×10¹⁸ kg	Hyperion, a moon of Saturn^[129]
10¹⁹	3×10¹⁹ kg	3 Juno, one of the larger asteroids in the asteroid belt^[131]
10¹⁹	3×10¹⁹ kg	The rings of Saturn^[132]
10²⁰	9.4×10²⁰ kg	Ceres, dwarf planet within the asteroid belt^[133]
10²¹ yottagram (Yg)	1.4×10²¹ kg	Earth's oceans^[134]
	1.5×10²¹ kg	Charon, the largest moon of Pluto^[135]
	2.9–3.7×10²¹ kg	The asteroid belt^[136]
10²²	1.3×10²² kg	Pluto^[135]
	2.1×10²² kg	Triton, largest moon of Neptune^[137]
	7.3×10²² kg	Earth's Moon^[138]
10²³	1.3×10²³ kg	Titan, largest moon of Saturn^[139]
	1.5×10²³ kg	Ganymede, largest moon of Jupiter^[140]
	3.3×10²³ kg	Mercury^[141]
	6.4×10²³ kg	Mars^[142]

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10²⁴ to 10²⁹ kg

Jupiter is the most massive planet in the Solar System.

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10²⁴ ronnagram (Rg)	4.9×10²⁴ kg	Venus^[143]
10²⁴ ronnagram (Rg)	6.0×10²⁴ kg	Earth^[144]
10²⁵	3×10²⁵ kg	Oort cloud^[145]
10²⁵	8.7×10²⁵ kg	Uranus^[146]
10²⁶	1.0×10²⁶ kg	Neptune^[147]
10²⁶	5.7×10²⁶ kg	Saturn^[148]
10²⁷ quettagram (Qg)	1.9×10²⁷ kg	Jupiter^[149]
10²⁸	2–14×10²⁸ kg	Brown dwarfs (approximate)^[150]
10²⁹	3×10²⁹ kg	Barnard's Star, a nearby red dwarf^[151]

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10³⁰ to 10³⁵ kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10³⁰	2×10³⁰ kg	The Sun^[152] (one solar mass or `M`_☉ = 1.989×10³⁰ kg)
10³⁰	2.8×10³⁰ kg	Chandrasekhar limit (1.4 `M`_☉)^[153]^[154]
10³¹	4×10³¹ kg	Betelgeuse, a red supergiant star (20 `M`_☉)^[155]
10³²	4–7×10³² kg	R136a1, the most massive of known stars (230 to 345 `M`_☉)^[156]
10³²	6–8×10³² kg	Hyades star cluster (300 to 400 `M`_☉)^[157]
10³³	1.6×10³³ kg	Pleiades star cluster (800 `M`_☉)^[158]
10³⁴
10³⁵	~10³⁵ kg	Typical globular cluster in the Milky Way (overall range: 3×10³ to 4×10⁶ `M`_☉)^[159]
	2×10³⁵ kg	Low end of mass range for giant molecular clouds (1×10⁵ to 1×10⁷ `M`_☉)^[160]^[161]
	7.3×10³⁵ kg	Jeans mass of a giant molecular cloud at 100 K and density 30 atoms per cubic centimeter;^[162] possible example: Orion molecular cloud complex

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10³⁶ to 10⁴¹ kg

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10³⁶	1.79×10³⁶ kg	The entire Carina complex.
	2.4×10³⁶ kg	The Gould Belt of stars, including the Sun (1.2×10⁶ `M`_☉)^[163]
	7–8×10³⁶ kg	The supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, associated with the radio source Sagittarius A* (3.7±0.2×10⁶ `M`_☉)^[164]
	8×10³⁶ kg	Omega centauri, the largest globular cluster in the Milky Way, containing approximately 10 million stars.
10³⁷
10³⁸
10³⁹
10⁴⁰
10⁴¹	1.98×10⁴¹ kg	Phoenix A, the largest supermassive black hole, weighing 100 billion solar masses (1×10¹¹ `M`_☉)
10⁴¹	4×10⁴¹ kg	Visible mass of the Milky Way galaxy^[165]

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The most massive things: 10⁴² kg and greater

More information Factor (kg), Value ...

Factor (kg)	Value	Item
10⁴²	1.2×10⁴² kg	Milky Way galaxy (5.8×10¹¹ `M`_☉)^[166]
10⁴²	2–3×10⁴² kg	Local Group of galaxies, including the Milky Way (1.29±0.14×10¹² `M`_☉)^[166]
10⁴³	5.37×10⁴³ kg	ESO 146-5, the heaviest known galaxy in the universe^[167]
10⁴⁴
10⁴⁵	1–2×10⁴⁵ kg	Local or Virgo Supercluster of galaxies, including the Local Group (1×10¹⁵ `M`_☉)^[168]
10⁴⁶
10⁴⁷	2×10⁴⁷ kg	Laniakea Supercluster of galaxies, which encompasses the Virgo supercluster
10⁴⁸	2×10⁴⁸ kg	Pisces–Cetus Supercluster Complex, a galaxy filament that includes the Laniakea Supercluster.
10⁴⁹	4×10⁴⁹ kg	Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, the largest structure in the known universe
10⁵⁰
10⁵¹
10⁵²	4.4506×10⁵² kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by NASA
10⁵²	1.4×10⁵³ kg	Mass of the observable universe as estimated by the U.S. National Solar Observatory^[169]

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Lists of astronomical objects

[1]
Criterion: A combined total of at least 250,000 Google hits on both the modern spelling (‑gram) and the dated British spelling (‑gramme).
[2]
Zyla, P.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020). "Review of Particle Physics: Gauge and Higgs bosons" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2020. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
[3]
Fixsen, D. J. (2009). "The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background". The Astrophysical Journal. 707 (2): 916–920. arXiv:0911.1955. Bibcode:2009ApJ...707..916F. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/916. S2CID 119217397.
[4]
"Conversion from eV to kg". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 19 October 2011.
[5]
"The most sensitive analysis on the neutrino mass [...] is compatible with a neutrino mass of zero. Considering its uncertainties this value corresponds to an upper limit on the electron neutrino mass of m<2.2 eV/c² (95% Confidence Level)" The Mainz Neutrino Mass Experiment Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
[6]
"CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 21 August 2011.
[7]
K. Nakamura; Particle Data Group (2011). "PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)'" (PDF). Particle Data Group. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
[8]
"CODATA Value: muon mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
[9]
"CODATA Value: proton mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
[10]
"CODATA Value: proton mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
[11]
"CODATA Value: neutron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. Retrieved 23 August 2011.
[12]
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Orders of magnitude (mass)

Other units

The least massive things: below 10⁻²⁴ kg

10⁻²⁴ to 10⁻¹⁸ kg

10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻¹² kg

10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁶ kg

10⁻⁶ to 1 kg

1 kg to 10⁵ kg

10⁶ to 10¹¹ kg

10¹² to 10¹⁷ kg

10¹⁸ to 10²³ kg

10²⁴ to 10²⁹ kg

10³⁰ to 10³⁵ kg

10³⁶ to 10⁴¹ kg

The most massive things: 10⁴² kg and greater

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Units of mass

See also

Notes

External links

Other units

The least massive things: below 10−24 kg

10−24 to 10−18 kg

10−18 to 10−12 kg

10−12 to 10−6 kg

10−6 to 1 kg

1 kg to 105 kg

106 to 1011 kg

1012 to 1017 kg

1018 to 1023 kg

1024 to 1029 kg

1030 to 1035 kg

1036 to 1041 kg

The most massive things: 1042 kg and greater

Units of mass

See also

Notes

External links

The least massive things: below 10⁻²⁴ kg

10⁻²⁴ to 10⁻¹⁸ kg

10⁻¹⁸ to 10⁻¹² kg

10⁻¹² to 10⁻⁶ kg

10⁻⁶ to 1 kg

1 kg to 10⁵ kg

10⁶ to 10¹¹ kg

10¹² to 10¹⁷ kg

10¹⁸ to 10²³ kg

10²⁴ to 10²⁹ kg

10³⁰ to 10³⁵ kg

10³⁶ to 10⁴¹ kg

The most massive things: 10⁴² kg and greater