Air Pollution Outline: - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution - Acid Precipitation - Air Pollution in Maryland
Air Pollution Outline: - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution - Acid Precipitation - Air Pollution in Maryland
Air Pollution Outline: - Meteorological Factors Affecting Air Pollution - Acid Precipitation - Air Pollution in Maryland
5/1/03
REVIEW QUESTIONS
Describe how downdrafts in a severe thunderstorm act to maintain updrafts. What is a gust front?
In a severe thunderstorm, downdrafts spread out along the ground forcing warm, moist surface air into the thunderstorm, thus maintaining updrafts. A gust front is an outflow boundary between cool the air of downdraft and warmer surrounding air.
List three factors which contribute to the urban heat island 1.Urban building material such as concrete and asphalt absorb greater quantities of solar radiation than vegetation and soils do. 2. City surfaces are impermeable, significantly reducing the evaporation rate 3 At night, the building materials in cities release the additional heat they accumulated during the day and thus keep urban air warmer than that of outlying areas.
First data is collected and analyzed on a global scale to provide a picture of current state of the atmosphere. Next the NWS employs a variety of techniques to establish the future state of the atmosphere. Then the forecast is disseminated to the public.
Meteorological factors
The solution to pollution is dilutionNOT TRUE!!!
The two most important atmospheric conditions affecting the dispersal of pollution are: (1) the strength of the wind; (2) the stability of the air. Boundary layer winds (winds from ~1500 meters down) mix pollutants horizontally while convective mixing disperses pollutants away from source regions.
Convective mixing is stimulated by the Sun, and therefore, mixing depths are the deepest during the afternoon. Likewise, mixing depths are deeper during the summer than during the winter.
Surface inversions are the result of differential radiative properties of the Earths surface and the air above. The Earth is a much better absorber and radiator of energy than air; thus, in the late morning and afternoon hours the lower atmosphere is unstable. The opposite is true in the evening; a stable atmosphere with little vertical mixing prevails.
Inversion Aloft
Bermuda high
Acid precipitation
The burning of fossil fuels (coal and petroleum products), releases about 43 millions tons of sulfur and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere over the United States every year.
Acid Precipitation
Robert Angus Smith (1817-1884) was a 19th-century Scottish chemist who investigated numerous environmental issues.
Smith did innovative studies of air and water pollution and was one of the few at the time to realize the importance of finding solutions to the environmental problems caused by urban growth. He is most famous for his 1852 research on air pollution, in the course of which he discovered acid rain.
Acid Precipitation
Rain is naturally weakly acidic because CO2 from the atmosphere dissolves in water. Unperturbed rainwater has a pH of near 5. Precipitation near urban areas has a much lower pH. This rain or snow is called acid precipitation.
Scientific evidence is mounting that acid-containing aerosols are harmful to human health. It has been known for some time that acid rain can lower the pH of lakes. Ecosystems are very complex. Different lakes, or different parts of a lake, can react differently to acid precipitation. This variation is due in large part to different types of soil matrixes. If the pH of a lake gets too low, the ecosystem will no longer support much of the life within it.
Most Unhealthy Air Quality Days Occur in the Summer Season. Summer Weather in the MidAtlantic Can be Characterized by the 4 Hs Hot Humid Hazy High Pressure
These weather conditions occur frequently in mid-Atlantic summers and are often but not always associated with unhealthy air quality.
Ozone (O3)
O3 is a colorless gas made up of three oxygen molecules.
In the stratosphere, O3 is present in large concentrations and protects the earth by absorbing harmful UV radiation. Near the surface, O3 is found in high concentrations in industrialized areas and is harmful to human respiratory systems and to plants and materials.
O3 is not emitted directly into the atmosphere but is formed by a series of reactions.
Haze
Haze is a subset of PM and is primarily composed
A Clear Day
A Hazy Day
Before Sunrise
In the late night and early morning hours during a pollution episode certain effects are commonly found: O3 concentrations are at a minimum, particularly near the urban centers. Winds are light and variable. Haze levels are at a maximum with visibility often reduced to a few miles or less. These effects are due to the development of the nocturnal inversion.
Temperature Inversion
Altitude
Temperature Inversion
Temperature
Nocturnal Inversion
After sunset on clear nights, the ground surface cools rapidly. However, air is not a very good conductor of heat. As a result, only the layer of air in the first few hundred meters from the surface cools. The air further aloft remains warm creating what is called the "nocturnal inversion."
ABOVE
O3 concentrations remains relatively high. Winds are moderate with some localized higher winds.
Nocturnal Inversion
Ozone reacts with substances near to and deposits onto the earths surface its concentration virtually disappears. More pollution is released at the surface and is trapped under the inversion haze increases.
BELOW
O3 Times Series
This hourly O3 graph for a summer day near Frederick, Maryland shows O3 concentrations reaching a minimum in the early morning hours.
Late Morning
The ground heats up the air beneath the nocturnal inversion. This air becomes warmer than the air aloft, rises and mixes. The inversion layer disappears. Ozone and other pollutants above the inversion layer mix with the pollution under the layer This causes a dramatic increase in ground-level ozone, beginning around 10 AM
Altitude
Temperature
Regional Scale O3
The air that is mixed downward during the late morning and early afternoon hours is typically high in O3 and other pollutants and concentrations are often uniform over large distances.
O3 concentrations along the western boundary of the I-95 Corridor on August 17, 1999
Regional Scale O3
140 120 100 So. Carroll Frederick Long Park Ashburn Little Buffalo Methodist Hill
Ozone (ppbv)
80 60 40 20 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Time (EST)
In this case from July, 1999, the high elevation monitor at Methodist Hill in southern PA is above the nocturnal inversion. By late morning, mixing has brought all monitors to the common regional level.
Afternoon
By late morning, downward mixing of O3 leads to relatively uniform concentrations across the region. Local effects, related to emissions available, then dominate in the early afternoon hours. O3 is formed as UV radiation drive reactions of O3 precursors.
Depending on a variety of factors, peak O3 concentrations are reached during the mid to late afternoon hours. The highest concentrations occur downwind of the urban center.
Ozone Map
On this day, winds were generally west or southwest and highest O3 levels are found along and east of the I-95 Corridor with lower concentrations near the city centers.
After Sunset
If meteorological conditions remain the same, the temperature inversion forms again after dark as the ground cools faster than the air above. Ozone concentration above the inversion comes to equilibrium with other pollutants and then remains at a constant, relatively high level. Ozone trapped under the inversion reacts with other pollutants, particles and the surface; the ozone concentration diminishes.
Altitude
Temperature
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler
2,000 1,000
Temperature
Warmer >>
As the sun sets, the surface begins to cool and a transition takes place
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
On Day 2, the sun rises and the nocturnal inversion begins to erode
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
By noon, the nocturnal inversion is gone and any air pollution that was aloft mixes down
Elev (ft)
Wind
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
Midnight Day 2
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
2,000 1,000
<< Cooler
Temperature
Warmer >>
Wind
Elev (ft)
6,500
4,000
O3 Profile
<< Cooler Temperature Warmer >>
2,000 1,000
An episode may also end prior to the passage of a cold front if widespread thunderstorms develop ahead of the front.
Thunderstorms
140 120 100 80 60 40 970710 970713 Date Peak Ozone 1-Hour 8-Hour 970716 970719
Number of Days
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Year