6.

3A Cold War hotspots

1. Truman made a speech in March 1947…argued that the
world was becoming divided into two zones.
2. Stalin responded to Truman by setting up ‘Cominform’.
3. Soldiers from the two major Cold War nations never
actually fought directly against each other in the next
40 years… but events brought them very close to war…
World War III.
1.杜鲁门在 1947 年 3 月发表了一篇演讲 ... 声称世界正在分裂为两个阵营。斯大林
对杜鲁门的回应是成立“共产国际”。在接下来的 40 年里，来自两个主要冷战国家
的士兵从未直接对抗过对方 ... 但事件让它们非常接近战争 ... 第三次世界大战。
 During WW2, Korea was controlled by Japan.
 After Japan’s defeat, the country was split into two zones (38th
parallel)
 North (USSR) and South (USA)
 On 25th June 1950, the North Korean army invaded South Korea.
To create one united communist Korea.
 North Korean army had been provided with weapons and
equipment from the USSR.
 在二战期间，朝鲜由日本控制。在日本战败后，该国被分为两个区域（ 38 度线）北方（苏联）和南
方（美国）。 1950 年 6 月 25 日，朝鲜人民军入侵了韩国南部。旨在创建一个统一的共产主义朝
鲜。朝鲜人民军获得了来自苏联的武器和装备。
 The North Koreans quickly captured the South Koreans
capital, Seoul.
 The South Korean army, supported by US troops were
pushed back very quickly.
 The North Koreans captured most of South Korea- and
for a time it looked as if the whole of Korea would
become a communist country.
 朝鲜人很快夺取了韩国首都首尔。南韩军队在驻扎在那里的美国军队的支持下很快被推回。
朝鲜人占领了大部分韩国，一时间似乎整个朝鲜都将成为一个共产主义国家。
 USA determined to stop the spread of communism… persuaded the UN
 UN sent troops and started pushing the North Korean army back.
 In total, 16 countries sent troops to fight… the most by USA
 The man in charge of the UN troops was General MacArthur. He took
orders from Truman not the UN.
 Looked like more of USA’s effort than UN.

美国决心阻止共产主义的蔓延 ... 说服了联合国。联合国派遣了军队，并开始将朝鲜人民军逐回。总共有 16 个国家派遣了

军队参战 ... 其中美国派遣的最多。负责联合国军队的人是麦克阿瑟将军。他听从杜鲁门而不是联合国的命令。看起来更像是
美国的努力而不是联合国的。
 UN troops gradually pushed the North Korean army back out of
South Korea and they were close to the Chinese border.
 China felt threatened…already a communist country since 1949.
 China launched a massive invasion of Korea that forced the UN
forces right back again.
 With America strongly supporting UN forces on one side and
the USSR and China supporting the other, the two sides were
fairly evenly matched.
 联合国军队逐渐将朝鲜人民军赶出了韩国，他们已经接近中国边境。中国感到受到了威胁 ... 自
1949 年以来已经是一个共产主义国家。中国发动了一次大规模入侵朝鲜的战争，迫使联合国军队
再次后退。在美国强力支持联合国军队的一方，以及苏联和中国支持的另一方，双方势均力敌。
 By 1953, they had reached stalemate and both sides were
roughly at the same original border.
 In July 1953, a ceasefire was agreed. North Korea
remained communist while South Korea stayed capitalist.

到了 1953 年，双方陷入了僵局，大致在原始边界线上。 1953 年 7

月，双方达成了停火协议。朝鲜北部仍保持共产主义，而韩国南部则保持资本主义。
Exercise 6.3A

1. Explain what is meant by ‘containing communism’.

2. Explain how Korea was divided after the

Second World War.
Exercise 6.3A

1. Explain what is meant by ‘containing communism’.

To stop the spread of communism to the new countries.

2. Explain how Korea was divided after the Second World War.
Two Korean zones were set up at the 38th parallel. The USSR
occupied the north and the USA occupied the south.
3. Put the following events in the correct chronological order:

China becomes a communist country.

A United Nations army lands in Korea.
North Korean army invades South Korea.
Korea is divided after the Second World War.
A ceasefire is arranged.
China joins the war on the side of North Korea.
3. Put the following events in the correct chronological order:

China becomes a communist country. 2

A United Nations army lands in Korea. 4
North Korean army invades South Korea. 3
Korea is divided after the Second World War. 1
A ceasefire is arranged. 6
China joins the war on the side of North Korea. 5
4. Why did China get involved in the Korean
War?
4. Why did China get involved in the Korean War?
They felt threatened as the UN and USA troops were very
close to China’s border.
Source Analysis

1. Read Source A. Which political system does Truman describe first?

Democracy / Capitalism
2. Why, according to Truman, should people fear ‘the second way of life’?
There will be a lack of personal freedom.
3. How useful is this source to a historian studying US attitudes towards
communism?
US tried to make the people not to choose communism way of life.
Cartoon Analysis
Describe the cartoon given below in your own words. (5 marks)
•7th October 1950
This political cartoon relates to the Korean War, which lasted from 1950 to 1953. The cartoon visually represents the geopolitical struggle that
occurred on the Korean Peninsula during this conflict.
Analysis of the Cartoon:
1.Geographical Representation:
1. The map shows Korea divided into "Nord-Korea" (North Korea) and "Süd-Korea" (South Korea), with "Seoul" marked in South Korea.
2. "Mandschukuo" (Manchukuo) is visible in the upper left corner, indicating the proximity of the conflict to this region, which was a puppet
state of Imperial Japan in Northeast China from 1932 to 1945, later occupied by the Soviet Union and China.
2.Characters and Symbolism:
1. A figure representing North Korea is shown pulling on a rope.
2. A large soldier labeled "UNO" (United Nations Organization) is also pulling the rope from the South Korean side.
3. The tug-of-war symbolizes the conflict between the United Nations forces (primarily led by the United States) and North Korea, backed
by China and the Soviet Union.
3.Text:
1. The caption reads "Vom Korea-Krieg – Es wird oben zugezogen." This translates to "From the Korean War – It is being tightened above."
This likely refers to the military and political tensions tightening in the region, particularly with the involvement of the United Nations.
Context of the Korean War:
4.Outbreak and Progression:
1. The Korean War began on June 25, 1950, when North Korean forces crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea.
2. The United Nations, with the United States as the principal force, intervened to support South Korea.
5.Major Battles and Stalemate:
1. Major battles included the Incheon Landing and the Chinese intervention, which pushed UN forces back.
2. The war eventually settled into a stalemate around the 38th parallel, where it had begun.
6.Armistice:
1. An armistice was signed on July 27, 1953, effectively ending the fighting, but no peace treaty was signed, leaving North and South Korea
technically still at war.
This cartoon captures the essence of the Korean War as a significant geopolitical struggle involving international forces, emphasizing the direct
involvement of the United Nations in supporting South Korea against the communist forces of North Korea.
6.3b Cold War hotspots
• The closest that the USA and the USSR ever came
to a full-scale war was in October 1962.
• The world face the very real possibility of a WW3
Cuban Crisis
1) Cuba is a Caribbean island lying 150km off the south-eastern American
coast.
2) In 1959, a communist named Fidel Castro and his followers had seized
control of Cuba.
3) The USA was alarmed and felt not safe to have a communist country very
close to USA.
4) USA invaded Cuba to chase the communist in April 1961… it was a total
flop and a great embarrassment for the US President.
5) The incident brought Cuba and USSR into a closer relationship.
1) 古巴是位于美国东南部海岸以外约 150 公里的加勒比海岛屿。
2) 1959 年，一名名为菲德尔 · 卡斯特罗的共产主义者及其追随者夺取了古巴的控制权。
3) 美国感到震惊并对在距离美国很近的地方有一个共产主义国家感到不安。 1961 年 4 月，
4) 美国入侵古巴追捕共产主义者 ...... 结果却是彻底失败，给美国总统带来了巨大的尴尬。
5) 这一事件加深了古巴和苏联之间的关系。
Missiles in Cuba
The Cuba
 Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the USSR, promised to help defend Cuba
from attack by supplying it with nuclear weapons.
 In the summer of 1962, the USSR began transporting nuclear missiles to
Cuba and building missile launch bases there.
 However, on 14 October 1962, a US spy plane flying over Cuba spotted
these bases, which were now in easy range of most major US cities.
 US spy planes spotted more missiles being transported from the USSR to
Cuba by sea.
 So, the USA sent warships to stop the missiles reaching their destination.
 尼基塔 · 赫鲁晓夫，苏联领导人，承诺通过向古巴提供核武器来帮助其抵御攻击。 1962 年夏天，苏联开始向古
巴运输核导弹，并在那里建造导弹发射基地。然而， 1962 年 10 月 14 日，一架美国间谍飞机在古巴上空发
现了这些基地，这些基地现在可以轻易射程覆盖美国大部分主要城市。美国间谍飞机还发现了更多由苏联运输到古
巴的导弹。因此，美国派遣战舰阻止导弹抵达目的地。
 For a few days, it seemed to many that this would result in a war.
 At last, the two leaders- Kennedy and Khrushchev- negotiated with each
other.
 After two weeks of tension, an agreement was reached.
 America promised not to invade Cuba and agreed to remove some of its
own missile bases that were near to the USSR- and the USSR agreed to
turn its ships around.
 The world breathed a huge sigh of relief when the news was announced.
 有几天，许多人认为这将导致战争。最后，两位领导人——肯尼迪和赫鲁晓夫——进行了谈判。经过两周的紧
张局势，达成了一项协议。美国承诺不入侵古巴，并同意撤除靠近苏联的一些自己的导弹基地——而苏联同意把
它的船只调回。当这一消息宣布时，全世界都松了一口大气
Exercise (6.3B)- page 163

1. (a) Cuba is a Caribbean island around 150km off the coast of __________.
(b) Fidel Castro and his followers seized control of Cuba in _____________.
(c) The US President during the Cuban Missile Crisis was ______________.
(d) The USSR was led by ________________.

2. Why was America so concerned about the construction of missile bases in

Cuba?
Exercise (6.3B)- page 163

1. (a) south-eastern America

(b) 1959
(c) President Kennedy
(d) Nikita Khrushchev

2. All major American cities were very close to the missiles bases in Cuba.
3. (a) Read Interpretation D and E. Briefly summarise what each
interpretation says.
(b) How useful are these interpretations in telling us how close the
world came to nuclear war?

4. In your opinion, did the Cuban Missile Crisis have any ‘winners’? Explain
your answer.
3. (a) According to Interpretation D and E, both countries were expecting
war to emerge due to this crisis.
(b) The events took both countries very close to another world war.

4. No, both countries had negotiated and decided on what to do to solve

this issue.
Knowledge and Understanding
Kennedy and Khrushchev begin negotiations.

US invasion of Cuba fails.

US spy planes spot more missiles being transported from the USSR to
Cuba by sea.
Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba.

Agreement is reached between the USSR and the USA

The USSR begins to transport nuclear missiles to Cuba

Knowledge and Understanding
Kennedy and Khrushchev begin negotiations. 5

US invasion of Cuba fails. 2

US spy planes spot more missiles being transported from the USSR 4
to Cuba by sea.
Fidel Castro takes control of Cuba. 1

Agreement is reached between the USSR and the USA 6

The USSR begins to transport nuclear missiles to Cuba 3

6.3c Cold War hotspots
o In the late 1800s, the country that is now Vietnam was taken over
by France.
o It was part of an area of land in Southeast Asia known as French
Indochina. During the Second World War, the Japanese took
control of this land.
o After Japan’s defeat in 1945, the French tried to take back
Vietnam- but fighting broke out because Vietnamese communists
(called the Vietminh) were prepared to fight the French so they
could be free of French control.
o The Vietminh were led by a soldier named Ho Chi Minh.
o 在 19 世纪末，现在的越南被法国占领。它是东南亚一片被称为法属印度支那的土地的一部分。在第二
次世界大战期间，日本接管了这片土地。在 1945 年日本战败后，法国试图夺回越南——但因为越
南共产主义者（称为越南独立同盟会）准备与法国作战，以摆脱法国的控制而爆发了战斗。越南独立同盟
会由一位名叫胡志明的军人领导
 Vietnam is
divided
1. In 1954, the French were defeated in Vietnam by HCM’s forces.
2. Conferences – decided – divide to two
3. North Vietnam ruled by HCM and South Vietnam ruled by Ngo Dinh Diem
4. Hanoi (capital of NV) and Saigon (capital of SV)

在 1954 年，法国被胡志明的部队击败。会议决定将越南分成两部分，北
越由胡志明统治，南越由阮廷爱统治。北越的首都是河内，南越的首都是西贡。
The Americans
get involved
The war
escalate
s
Protests
in the
USA
The end of
the war
Exercise (6.3C)

1. Name the president of USA during the end of Vietnam War.

2. Define ‘guerrilla attacks’.

3. Describe the following:

(a) Ho Chi Minh

(b) Saigon
(c) Ngo Dinh Diem
(d) Ho Chi Minh trail
Exercise (6.3C)

1. Name the president of USA during the end of Vietnam War. (President Nixon)

2. Define ‘guerrilla attacks’. (Hit and run raid on troops)

3. Describe the following:

(a) Ho Chi Minh- The communist leader of North Vietnam

(b) Saigon- The capital of South Vietnam
(c) Ngo Dinh Diem- The leader of South Vietnam
(d) Ho Chi Minh trail- The weapons supply route through thick jungle forest