C02 P03 Health Determinants

DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH
 HEALTH IS A STATE OF COMPLETE
PHYSICAL, MENTAL AND SOCIAL
WELL-
BEING AND NOT MERELY ABSENCE
OF DISEASE OR INFIRMITY.
 HEALTH IS MULTIFACTORIAL.
 MANY FACTORS DETERMINE THE

OUT COME OF HEALTH.
 THE VARIOUS FACTORS WHICH DETERMINE
HEALTH ARE CALLED DETERMINANTS OF
HEALTH.
 THE VARIOUS DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH ARE:

1.BIOLOGICAL
2.ENVIORNMENTAL
3.LIFESTYLE
4.SOCIO ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
5.HEALTH SERVICES
6.AGING OF POPULATION
7.GENDER
8.OTHERS
The physical and mental traits of every human being
depend upon the genetic make up of the individual.
The genetic make up is unique in that it cannot be

altered after conception.
The main part of DNA is the gene
made up by purines and pyrimidines.
If any of the parts of the molecule is

defective then the defect manifests as
a genetic defect.
The various defects are Down’s syndrome,

Turners , klinefelters, errors of metabolism,
Some types of diabetes, etc.
•In positive terms, from genetic point of view ,health
may be defined as:
“The presence in the genetic constitution of

the genes that correspond to normal
characterization and to presence of normal
karyotype”.
ENVIRONMENT
 Hippocrates first related disease to

environment.
 Petten kofer in Germany revived the

concept of disease-environment
association.
Environmental factors range from:
Housing Organization of
Water supply health & social
Psycho social stress welfare services
Etc.
So environment has direct

impact on health of an individual.
Protection and Promotion of

family and
environmental health is one of
the major
issues in the world today.
LIFESTYLE
 The lifestyle (the way the people

live) also has an important role to
play on the health of the individual.
 It reflects social values, attitudes,
activities etc.
 Habits like smoking, alcohol etc..
reflect on the health of the person.
 Example :
COPD
lung cancer, etc.

SMOKING
 Smokers can be of 2 types
Active smokers.
Passive smokers.
 There are many surveys stating that,

passive smokers are also prone to
hazardous effects of smoking.
Gastritis
Hepatitis
Cirrhosis
Wernickes encephalopathy
Korsakoffs psychosis
Mallory weis tear
Myopathy etc.
 Many current day problems like
coronary heart disease, obesity, lung
cancer are associated with lifestyle
changes.
 In developing countries lack of

sanitation, poor nutrition, lack of
personal hygiene, customs and cultural
patterns are major risks for illness.
 So health requires promotion of healthy

life styles.
ENVIRONMENT
INTERNAL EXTERNAL
TISSUES PHYSICAL
ORGANS BIOLOGICAL
ORGAN SYSTEMS PSYCHO SOCIAL
Should be in harmony with

each other
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS
ECONOMIC OCCUPATION
STATUS
EDUCATION POLITICAL
SYSTEM
ECONOMIC STATUS
The Per capita GNP is most
widely accepted measure of
economic status.
Economic status determines :

Purchasing power
Standard of living
Quality of life
Deviant behavior in community
Life expectancy
EDUCATION
 One of the major factor influencing
health status is education.
 Illiteracy can be a major cause of
poverty, malnutrition, ill health, high
infant and child mortality rates.
 Female literacy has a very important

role to play.
EDUCATION
 The small state of kerala in India is a
striking example.
 Kerala has an estimated infant mortality

rate
of 14% compared to 71% for all-India in
1999.
 This was possible only due to highest female

literacy rate of 87.86% compared to 54.16%
for all-India.
OCCUPATION
 Occupation can lead to

disorders like:
 Silicosis
 Coal workers pneumoconiosis
 Asbestosis
 Byssinosis etc.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
 One of the main obstacles to the

implementation of health technology is
of political origin.
 Decisions concerning :
resource allocation,
man power policy,
choice of technology etc.
POLITICAL SYSTEM
 Degree to which health services can be
made available are all decided by
political system of community.
 The percentage of GNP spent on health

is a quantitative indicator of political
commitment.
 If poor health patterns are to be

changed, entire socio- political system is
to be changed.
HEALTH SERVICES
 The purpose of health services is to
improve health status of population.
 For example:
immunization influence
incidence & prevalence

of disease.
safe water prevent water
borne diseases.
 To be effective : The health services
must reach periphery, equitably
distributed, cheaper in cost and
socially acceptable.
 All these are now termed PRIMARY
HEALTH CARE.
AGING OF POPULATION
 Major concern of rapid population
aging is increased prevalence of
chronic diseases
disabilities
 Some diseases of aged include :
 Diabetes
 Hypertension
 coronary heart disease
GENDER
 Diseases common in male:
Hemophilia
Myocardial infarction
etc..
 Diseases common in females:
Thyrotoxicosis
Rheumatic mitral
stenosis
GENDER
 Female health has a very great
importance because, its female health
that’s going to determine the health of a
child.
 In 1993, the Global commission on

women’s health was established with an
agenda for action on women’s health.
 It covers aspects of nutrition,

reproductive
health etc..
OTHER FACTORS
 These may include :
 Science and technology
 Information and communication
 Food and agriculture
 Industry
 Social welfare
 Rural development
 Adoption of policies in economic and
social fields.
BEHAVIOUR
AND
SOCIO-CULTURAL ENVIRONMENTAL
BIOLOGICAL
THEREFORE HEALTH IS MULTI-FACTORIAL
EDUCATION
SOCIO ECONOMIC
HEALTH SERVICES
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C02 P03 Health Determinants

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DETERMINANTS OF

 MANY FACTORS DETERMINE THE

 THE VARIOUS DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH ARE:

The genetic make up is unique in that it cannot be

If any of the parts of the molecule is

The various defects are Down’s syndrome,

“The presence in the genetic constitution of

 Hippocrates first related disease to

 Petten kofer in Germany revived the

So environment has direct

Protection and Promotion of

 The lifestyle (the way the people

lung cancer, etc.

 There are many surveys stating that,

 In developing countries lack of

 So health requires promotion of healthy

ORGAN SYSTEMS PSYCHO SOCIAL

Should be in harmony with

Economic status determines :

 Female literacy has a very important

 Kerala has an estimated infant mortality

 This was possible only due to highest female

 Occupation can lead to

 Coal workers pneumoconiosis

 One of the main obstacles to the

 The percentage of GNP spent on health

 If poor health patterns are to be

incidence & prevalence

 In 1993, the Global commission on

 It covers aspects of nutrition,

THEREFORE HEALTH IS MULTI-FACTORIAL

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