Inbound 196982161366132526

CHAPTER 1: THE ORIGIN
AND STRUCTURE OF THE

EARTH
Lesson 1.1: UNIVERSE AND SOLAR SYSTEM
Universe is an all space-time, matter and energy including the solar

system, all stars and galaxies and content of intergalactic space, regarded
as a whole. There are three various theories explaining the origin of the
universe;
Steady State Theory. It states that the counting of the galaxies in
our Universe is constant and new galaxies which are forming continuously
are filling the empty spaces which are created by those heavenly bodies
which have crossed the boundary lines of observable Universe.
Pulsating Theory: In this theory it is assumed that there is
continuous expansion and contraction in universe. It proposes that the
universe will keep expanding more and more then slowly it stop
 Big Bang Theory: It proposes that the entire universe was once
condensed in a very small and compact particle called primeval
nucleus. It is estimated that about 20 billion years ago, primeval
nucleus suddenly exploded in a big bang. The force of this explosion
caused matter to scatter in any direction forming a universe.
 Biblical Belief on the Formation or Creation of the Universe
“Genesis 1:1 - In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. “
The very first claim made in the Bible is that there was a beginning.
Since Genesis 1 describes how God created the universe, and in a
certain sequence, there is no doubt that he did that exactly. God
created the universe.
SOLAR SYSTEM
 Just a part of the vast universe is our solar system. It is located

somewhere in Milky Way Galaxy. It consists of the sun being at
the center, minor and major planets and other celestial bodies like
satellites, comets, asteroids and meteoroids.
ORIGIN OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
• According to this theory, the sun and other celestial bodies

Nebular Hypothesis orbiting around it where formed from a nebula- a spinning
Theory cloud of gases.
Accretion is the gradual increase in the size of an object by the

buildup of matter due to gravity. The accretion theory says that a
Accretion Theory protosun passing through a cloud of interstellar materials pulled
this material along causing it to swirl around the protosun
• According to this theory, the time when the sun about to

Tidal Theory form (protosun), a large body passing around it may have
drawn some gaseous materials from it.
GUIDE QUESTIONS
1. What are the major theories pertaining to the nature of

expanding galaxy? Explain each.
2. Why do some scientists believe that the universe is
expanding?
3. What are the major theories about the origin of the solar
system? Explain each.
4. How is space exploration benefits mankind?
Lesson 1.2: EARTH AND EARTH SYSTEM
Earth is the only planet in the solar system capable of

supporting life. Complex and brilliant combination of gases,
composition and structure of earth are some of the reasons
why it can sustain life.
EARTH SUBSYSTEM
Earth is a very complex place. The earth consists of four distinct yet connected spheres.
All of the processes on Earth are driven by four “spheres”, which we describe
individually, but are really all connected.
 GEOSPHERE
The Geosphere describes all of the rocks, minerals and ground that are found on and in Earth. This
includes all of the mountains on the surface, as well as all of the liquid rock in the mantle below us and
the minerals and metals of the outer and inner cores. The continents, the ocean floor, all of the rocks on
the surface, and all of the sand in the deserts are all considered part of the geosphere.
 HYDROSPHERE
Planet Earth has been called the "Blue Planet" due to the abundant water on its surface Over
70 percent of the surface area of the earth is covered by water. All the earth’s water, solid or
in liquid form, those that are contained in glaciers, rocks, soil and the air, comprise the
earth’s hydrosphere.
EARTH SUBSYSTEM
GEOSPHER
E
BIOSPHER
HYDROSPHER E
E
ATMOSPHER
E
SOURCES OF WATER
 The Epipelagic, or sunlight, zone (so called because most visible light in the
oceans is found here) comprises the first 200 meters below the surface, and is warm
and mixed by winds and wave action.
 Mesopelagic, or twilight zone- water temperature falls rapidly with depth to less
than 5°C at 1,000 meters. This sharp transition, which is called the thermocline,
inhibits vertical mixing between denser, colder water at depths and warmer water
nearer the surface.
 Abyssopelagic (abyssal) zone- which reaches to the ocean floor at a depth of
about 6,000 meters.
 Hadal Zone or Trench Zone- the deepest layer of the ocean.
 The deepest trench on earth is Mariana Trench, also called Marianas Trench,
lies in the floor of the western North Pacific Ocean.
INLAND WATERS
Rivers-
A volume of a fresh flowing water across the surface of the land
usually to the sea. Rivers flow in channels.
Lakes-
A reservoir of relatively still water that is surrounded by
land. It is formed from the accumulation of large amounts
of water in natural or artificial depressions on the surface
of the land. Other inland waters include ponds, spring,
stream, wetlands, floodplains and reservoirs.
 GROUNDWATER
- It is the water found underground in the cracks and spaces in soil, sand and rock.
It is stored in and moves slowly through geologic formations of soil, sand and rocks called
aquifers.
A MASSIVE BODY OF ICE
-About 2 percent of earth’s waters is in a form of solid, a massive bodies of ice
called glaciers.
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (WATER CYCLE)

- Water on earth is continuously moving.
It endlessly circulating through the hydrologic cycle.
As water goes in a cycle, it changes its states.
From liquid to ice to gas and back again.
ATMOSPHERE
 A very huge envelope of air that surrounds the earth and pulled by the gravitational force of the
earth is called atmosphere. The earth’s atmosphere is primarily composed of 78 percent
nitrogen and 21 percent of oxygen. Other gases like argon, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide,
ozone, hydrogen, helium and other inert gases make up the remaining 1 percent.
BIOSPHERE
 The biosphere is where all forms of life exist. Since life exist in the air, in water
and on the ground, its boundaries overlap other “sphere” because life can be found
everywhere on earth. The biosphere is sometimes thought of as one large ecosystem
— a complex community of living and nonliving things functioning as a single unit.
INNER PART OF THE EARTH
 Crust- The crust is the outermost part of the earth and is very thin compared to the
other layers.
2 KINDS of CRUST
 Continental crust is mostly composed of different types of granites.
 Oceanic crust is mostly composed of different types of basalts
The Mantle- It is the mostly-solid bulk of Earth’s interior. The
mantle lies between Earth’s dense, super heated core and its thin outer
layer, the crust. It is made up of silicates, magnesium oxide, iron,
aluminum, calcium, sodium, and potassium. The mantle is divided into
two layers: the upper mantle and the lower mantle.
 The Core
-It is the dense center and hottest part of earth. The core is made
almost entirely of iron and nickel.
The Gutenberg discontinuity is the boundary between the core and
the mantle. The core is made of two layers:
a)Outer Core - borders the mantle. Bullen discontinuity is the hottest part of the
core.
b)Inner Core- is a hot, dense ball of iron. The temperature of the inner
core is far above the melting point of iron.
 Bullen discontinuity is the boundary separating these two layers.
Earth’s Magnetic Field
- Earth’s magnetic field protects the planet from the charged
particles of the solar wind. Without the shield of the magnetic field, the
solar wind would strip Earth’s atmosphere of the ozone layer that
protects life from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

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CHAPTER 1: THE ORIGIN

AND STRUCTURE OF THE

Universe is an all space-time, matter and energy including the solar

 Just a part of the vast universe is our solar system. It is located

• According to this theory, the sun and other celestial bodies

Accretion is the gradual increase in the size of an object by the

• According to this theory, the time when the sun about to

1. What are the major theories pertaining to the nature of

Earth is the only planet in the solar system capable of

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE (WATER CYCLE)

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