HISTORICAL CONCEPTS AND

THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP

LDRS 302
“Everything
rises and
falls with
leadership.”
 •Take some time right now to think
about some leaders you know and
write down in point form some of
LEARNING the demands that you think they
ACTIVITY: carry.

•What are some expectations that

people (or you) place on them?
planning ahead

defining the organization’s objectives or goals,

establishing an overall strategy for achieving ADMINISTRATIV

those goals, E CHALLENGES:

planning to integrate and coordinate activities,

what must be done and how it is to be done.

 “WHAT DO YOU THINK IS REQUIRED
OF A LEADER?”

• The ability to recruit people to an idea or a project.

• The ability to plan ahead.
• The ability to manage conflict.
• The ability to hire and fire well.
• The ability to gel people into a high-performing team.
• The ability to see beyond the day’s crisis.
• The ability to think and plan broadly – to understand all the implications of a
decision.
• Strong political skills to cope with conflicting ideas and desires of the people
they lead.
• To help others do better work.
 “WHAT DO YOU THINK IS REQUIRED
OF A LEADER?”

•What was noticeably missing was:

•A leader must be ethical.

 EARLY INFLUENCERS – ANCIENT
JEWISH

Moses; called to lead the

Joseph: demonstrates
people of Israel out of Nehemiah; classic story
great planning by
Egypt into the promised of planning and putting
establishing a 14 year
land. Became a great the plan to work.
national plan.
leader and administrator.

David; military Solomon; gifted leader,

leadership and kingship. administrator and king.
 BABYLONIA

The most significant contribution to management

thought from Babylon is probably the Code of
Hammurabi

Iraq

• 59 miles S/W of Bagdad

• Code of Hammurabi (1790 BC)
Minimum wage
Control
Responsibility
 NEBUCHADNEZZAR
(605-562BC)

• Part of the offshoot of the Assyrian empire

that became Babylon
• Conquered much of the middle east
including the lands of modern day Iraq,
ancient Israel, ancient Eygpt
• Focused on educating conquered people
through assimilation
 ANCIENT EGYPT

•Great Pyramid of Cheops

•(AKA The Great Pyramid of Giza)
• 13 Acres
• 2.3 million stone blocks, each weighing approximately 2.5 tons and consists of
limestone and granite
• over 100,000 men
• Approximately 20 years
 E G Y P T: R A M E S S E S I I ( 13 0 3 B C –
12 13 B C )

• Known as the greatest pharaoh of ancient Egypt, said to

have started the New Kingdom in which Egypt conquered
surrounding kingdoms and expanded their power
• Built many cities including the new capital city of Pi-
Ramesses
• Built many temples and monuments
• Known throughout modern culture from poems such as
Ozymandias (Shelley) and portrayals of the ancient Jews
under the Egyptian slavery.
 KLEOPATRA. 69BC-
30 AD

Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51

to 30 BC, and its last active ruler
Medieval Arab texts praise Cleopatra for her
accomplishments as a mathematician, chemist and
philosopher.
Under her rule, Egypt was the richest nation in the
Mediterranean and the last to remain independent
from the rapidly expanding Roman Empire. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

She married two of her brothers, but was Julius

Caesar’s Mistress, and Had 3 children with Mark
Antony.
 •Sun Tzu (544-496BC):
• Military
general/strategist/philosopher.
• Authored “The Art of
CHINA War”(philosophy of war).
• Focused on alternatives to war
such as strategies, spying,
making alliances etc…
 GREECE

•“how do we live the

good life? How do we
nurture our souls?”

Socretes
470 BC - 399 BC
 GREECE

•Student of Socrates
•He believed that the best way to
organize society was to divide its
members up into three main
groups:
• Farmers, artisans and traders
who supply the economic
needs of the community
• Military Guardians
• Philosopher Guardians

Plato
425 BC - 348 BC
 GREECE

•Aristotle was a contemporary of Plato, although younger. He

argued that rather than the academy, the foundation for a good
community was the household. He had a hierarchy of
positions in the household:
• Husband and wife
• Parents and children
• Master and slave

Aristotle
384 BC - 322 BC
 POLITICAL STRUCTURES

• Ecclesia* was the official term for the lawful democratic assembly of the Greek self-
governing city-state.
• Traditionally comprised two bodies.
• The smaller of the two was called “the council,”
• the larger, including all the adult male citizens of the city was described
simply as “the people.”

*The term Ecclesia (sometimes Ekklesia) is commonly used in the New Testament for Church
 ROME

•Had a distinguished career in the Roman Empire He first

distinguished himself in the military and then later as a
statesman.
• repaired the aqueducts,
• cleansed the sewers,
• prevented private persons drawing off public water for their
own use,
• ordered the demolition of houses which encroached on the
public way,

Cato the Elder • built the first basilica in the Forum near the *Curia.
*The Roman Curia comprises the administrative institutions of the Holy See and the central
234 BC - 139 BC body through which the affairs of the Catholic Church are conducted
 ROME: JULIUS
CAESAR (100-
55BC)

• Roman General with a history of

military successes.
• Entered Rome as a conquering
leader
• Took power from the senate and
made himself emperor of Rome
to be worshipped and obeyed
• Murdered in the senate by Brutus
and several other senators
because of his overreach for
power and authority
 ROME: MARCUS TULLIUS
CICERO (106-43BC)

• Cicero was a lawyer, historian, philosopher and statesman

• Tried to bring Rome back to an era of republic and away
from the dictatorship of Caesar
• Wrote 90% of the remaining Latin texts that we have
• His letters are credited with having inspired the renaissance
of the early 1400’s
 VIDEO COMPARING TWO
CIVILIZATIONS

• What were the qualifications for leadership in

those empires? Legitimized?
• How was leadership positions gained or lost?
• How did they view followers (peasants, lower
class, slaves)?
• Does money play an significant role?
THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ROMAN
EMPIRE COMPARED TO THE EAST
 LEADERSHIP IN THE JEWISH
SYNAGAGUE

•The ancient Jewish synagogue was more than merely a religious institution. It also served a
number of important, and educational functions., educational, court sessions and social activities.
It was concerned with the whole spectrum of community needs and served much like a
community centre.
• Religious
• Social,
• Civic
• Educational
• Court Sessions
• Archisynagogos - Greek title used by Jewish synagogue leaders in most of the Roman Empire.
ENTER JESUS
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

THE GENIUS
OF JESUS
 L E A D E R S H I P I N T H E N E W T E S TA M E N T E R A J E W I S H
COMMUNITIES

•In Acts, we learn of Paul travelling around looking to preach in Jewish Synagogues.
• Usually got tossed out
• Some believed his message and followed him
• These Jews formed part of what was known as early Christianity.
 • Corinth was a first-century
Roman colony

•Paul's letter to the church in

LEADERSHIP IN NEW TESTAMENT Corinth:
ERA CHRISTIAN COMMUNITIES •“not many of you were wise by
human standards, not many were
powerful, not many were of noble
birth.”
•I Corinthians 1:26
 THE VATICAN

• Known as the Vatican City. It is

surrounded by Rome.
• Most Popes live there but the current
one has decided to live in a much
smaller cottage off-sight.
• Pope will gather on his balcony and
speak to the parishiners below.
• Today, they put out chairs for the
service.
• Still have walls around the Vatican.
• The Vatican is its own city/country.
 ST AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (354-430
AD)

• Catholic monk, priest, theologian, and philosopher

• Known for his Confessions, On Church Doctrine, and City
of God
• Grace was essential to faith, belief in free will while also
developed the idea of original sin or the sinful nature of
mankind
 ST BENEDICT (480-
543AD)

• Developed the Benedictine Monastic order

• Rule of Saint Benedict
• Pope Benedict XVI (2009) said: "with
his life and work St Benedict exercised
a fundamental influence on the
development of European civilization
and culture“
MIDDLE AGES TO THE 19 TH
CENTURY
 EARLY INFLUENCERS – MIDDLE AGES
– 19 T H CENTURY

• Middle Ages are often referred to as Medieval Period or the Dark Ages
• While sometimes considered a period of little technological/cultural advancement, there is
ample evidence of artistic, scientific, philosophical, and religious development and growth
• Referred to as the Dark Ages as a period of “unenlightenment” under authoritarian despots,
warlords, barons and kings.
• Most of the lower classes were vassals of the king. They were not slaves, but were often
treated similarly
• Lasted from the fall of Rome until the Renaissance and Reformation of the late 1400’s
 MIDDLE AGES:
CHARLEMANGE (748-814 AD)

• United the Frankish kingdoms under one rule

• Hoped to create a new enlightenment and restore the glory of
the Roman Empire (Often called the Carolingian Renaissance)
• Worked with the Pope in Rome and was crowned emperor of
the New Holy Roman Empire
• Developed code of laws,
• Missi Dominici – Lords Messangers to spread the law and
ensure fair treatment of all people
 MIDDLE AGES
WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR:1028-1087AD

• French King conquers much of England

• Provides universal protection against viking invaders
• Brings French language, culture, cuisine, art, and law to
England
• Seen as one of the founders of Feudalism, imposing a
feudal contract where he gave land to his loyal subjects in
exchange for their Fealty
 MIDDLE AGES

MARCO POLO: 1254 – 1324 AD

• Born in Venice
• Explorer
• Traveled and left detailed notes of his explorations to China
 JOAN OF ARC C1412-1431 AD

• At the age of 14 she led the French army into battle with no
experience and no formal education. She couldn’t read or
write.
• She felt divinely inspired by God to save France and only
shared her divine messages with the rightful King Charles
• She dressed like a man and led men into battle, which was
also one of the charges against her by the English when
they captured her.

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 E A R LY I N F L U E N C E R S

N I C O L O MA C H I AV E L L I : 1 4 2 9 - 1 5 2 7 A D

• He lauded the behaviour of past rulers, especially Cesare

Borgia, who was infamous for his poisonings, betrayals,
and cruelty.
• Authored the book “The Prince” Farmers, artisans and
traders who supply the economic needs of the community
learn how not to be good, use this knowledge or not to use
it according to necessity
• Ruthless
 EARLY INFLUENCER

QUEEN ELISABETH I (1533-

1603AD)

• Created stability in England after her

father’s chaotic reign
• Strong female leadership in a position that
had always been male dominated
• Created moderate laws that provided
religious tolerance for Catholics and
protestants alike
• Shattered the Spanish Armada and
permitted exploration and conquest of new
lands in the Americas
 EARLY INFLUENCER

FRANCIS BACON 1561 –1626AD

• Philosopher, Lawyer, Lord Chancellor of England

• The father of empiricism or the scientific method through the
use of inductive reasoning and observation he created a
framework for modern science
• Legal advisor to Queen Elisabeth I
 EARLY INFLUENCER
THOMAS HOBBES 1588 –
1679AD

• Father of modern political philosophy

• Leviathan – Logical reasoning in all writings where a
premise was followed by evidential reasoning even in
social sciences
• Justification of government is the need for strong
morality to prevent chaos and the destructive nature
of man.
• The passions that incline men to peace are: fear of
death; desire of such things as are necessary to
commodious living; and a hope by their industry to
obtain them. And reason suggesteth convenient articles
of peace upon which men may be drawn to agreement
 E ARLY INFL UE NCE R

JOHN L OCKE 1632 –1704AD

• Enlightenment philosopher dedicated to the idea of

empiricism in research
• Political theory of Social Contract where government is
given authority by the people
• First Liberalists-Natural Rights, Equality under the law,
freedom from oppression
• Two Treaties of Government – The justification of the
rights of mankind and the rejection of patriarchal
authoritarianism
 EARLY INFLUENCER

IMMANUEL KANT 1724 –1804AD

• Father of post-modern philosophy

• Reality and experience is unique to the individual
• Tried to understand the idea of universal morality when all
experience life differently
• Every object has perspective, even the tree that falls in the
forest
• Universal democracy will bring peace and understanding
 EARLY INFLUENCERS –
SCOTLAND
ADAM SMITH 1723-1790 AD

•The “real price of everything… is the toil and trouble of

acquiring it”, thereby explaining that other costs besides
wages affect the price of a commodity
• father of modern economics
• pin factory
• The division of labour
 EARLY INFLUENCERS –
GERMANY

KARL MARX 1818-1883 AD

•Marx lived during the peak of the Industrial Revolution (1750-1890),

specifically during what’s been called the Second Industrial Revolution
• Class division between:
• Proletarians – those who must sell their labour, (have nots)
• Bourgeois – those who buy the labour. (haves)
• wrote Communist Manifesto - The goal was to have an economic
system that does not allow for the roles required in the capitalistic
division of labour as described by Adam Smith.

• Predicted that the labourers would overthrow the greedy capitalists

 EARLY INFLUENCER

FREDRICH NIETZSCHE
1844 –1900AD

• German philosopher
• Nihilism – life is meaningless so enjoy it
• Relativism – Truth is relative to one’s
perspective
• Famous for saying God is Dead, in reference
to the loss of a universal morality that society
previously held under the church. With the
loss of the authority of the church and a
consistent understanding of morality/truth, it
became relative to each person’s perspective
and thus inconsistent
 OTHER EARLY INFLUENCERS

•Tsar Catherine II “The Great”. 1729-1796 AD

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA
•Florence Nightingale 1820-1810 AD

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA

 OCT 3 R D
HISTORICAL INFLUENCER PRESENTATION

• From the ancient and early influencers lecture slides provided, you will be assigned a
historical leader to research and present to the class. You will prepare a maximum 5
minute talk outlining what they were known for. Provide a summary of the leader’s
accomplishments. In your presentation address the following questions:
• Who are they?
• When in history did they live and lead?
• Provide a summary of their accomplishments.
• What made them an influential leader?
• What great deeds or thoughts are they remembered for?
• What aspects of leadership were missing?
• Describe how they used power and their authority to succeed.
• Do you believe they were a good or bad leader and why?
• How might that leader have viewed our present world?
• You must include a reference page with at least two (2) sources.