STRATEGIES OF

BUILDING
VOCABULARY
CONTINUATION
Reported by: PRECIOUS D. CORALDE
RECAP
 Structural Analysis
 Word Associations
 Context Clues Homonyms, Homographs,
 Heteronyms
FIGURE OF SPEECH

A figure of speech is a creative use of language that goes beyond

the literal meaning of words. It's like adding spices to your writing
or speech, making it more flavorful and impactful. A figure of
speech is a creative use of language to generate an effect. Some
figures of speech, like metaphor, simile, and metonymy, are found
in everyday language. Others, like antithesis, circumlocution, and
puns take more practice to implement in writing.
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

1. ALLITERATION - Alliteration is the repeating of consonant sounds right next to

each other, which creates a memorable or melodic effect.
Example: She sells seashells by the seashore.
2. ANTITHESIS - Antithesis is a literary technique that places opposite things or
ideas next to one another to draw out their contrast.
Example: “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times . . .” —Charles
Dickens, A Tale of Two Cities.
3. APOSTROPHE - Apostrophe as a figure of speech is when a character addresses
someone or something that isn’t present or cannot respond. The character might
speak to someone deceased, an inanimate object, or a concept.
Example: Oh Captain, My Captain by Walt Whitman
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

4. CIRCUMLOCUTION - Circumlocution is the use of a purposely wordy

description. You can think of it as talking in circles.
Example : In the Harry Potter series, most characters don’t say Lord
Voldemort’s name; instead, they use this circumlocution: “He Who Must Not Be
Named.”
5. EPIGRAM - An epigram is a clever and memorable statement. You will find
epigrams in speeches, poetry, and at the front of a book.
Example: a. "If you can't be a good example, you'll just have to be a
horrible warning." - Catherine the Great
b. “No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.” —
Eleanor Roosevelt
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

6. EUPHEMISM - A euphemism is a way to say something in an understated

manner, often to avoid difficult topics—like money, death, or sex.
Example : Death can be an uncomfortable subject, so we’ve developed many
euphemisms to avoid confronting it head-on. Rather than telling a friend that a
relative died, you might say they “kicked the bucket” “passed away” or are “no
longer with us.”

7. HYPERBOLE - Hyperbole is a deliberate exaggeration that adds emphasis,

urgency, or excitement to a statement.
Example: If I don’t eat soon, I’m going to die of hunger.
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

8. IRONY - Irony is a situation that subverts a reader’s expectations. Saying the

opposite of what you mean.
Example : "Nice weather we're having" during a thunderstorm.
One of the characters in your story is a hypochondriac, always
convinced that they have an exotic and uncurable disease. An ironic ending for that
character would be if they died of a common cold.

9. LITOTES - Litotes use a double negative to create a positive.

Example: You’re not wrong.
I don't deny that it was wrong.
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

10. METAPHOR - A metaphor is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to create

more vivid imagery or understanding.
Example: a. He was an onion; to understand him, she had to peel back the
layers.
b. Life is a highway.
11. METONYMY - Metonymy is a literary device in which a word or object stands in
for a closely related word or object. Metonymy gives a writer more variability with
descriptions.
Example: I thought his movies were better when they weren’t so Hollywood.
“Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears.“ —William
Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

12. ONOMATOPOEIA - Onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like what it means.

Example: When a character is exasperated, they might exclaim, “Sheesh!”
That’s both a word to show exasperation and a sound that happens when you sigh
loudly.

13. OXYMORON - An oxymoron is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to

create a new meaning.
Example: That strawberry cake was awfully good.
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

14. PARADOX - A paradox is a statement that appears to contradict itself but

contains some truth, theme, or humor.
Example: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than
others.” —George Orwell, Animal Farm

15. PERSONIFICATION - Personification is assigning human attributes to

nonhuman things.
Example: The floorboards groaned under the weight of each step.
FIGURE OF SPEECH
Here are the most common Figure of Speech.

16. SIMILE - A simile compares two dissimilar things using “like” or “as.” The goal
of simile is to give the reader a more vivid understanding of something. Example:
a. It was the first real day of summer, and by the time she came back indoors, she
was as red as a tomato.
b. Her eyes were like sapphires.

17. SYNECDOCHE - Synecdoche is when a smaller unit is used to signify a larger

unit or vice versa.
Example: the word hand in "offer your hand in marriage"; mouths in "hungry
mouths to feed"; and wheels referring to a car.
IDIOMS
An idiom is a phrase or expression that has a figurative meaning, one
that's different from the literal meaning of the individual words. It's like
a colorful shortcut in language, conveying a specific idea in a unique
and often playful way.

Here are some key things to know about idioms:

1. NON-LITERAL MEANING: You can't understand an idiom's meaning

by simply adding up the meanings of its individual words.
For example, "break a leg" doesn't literally mean you should injure your limb,
but instead is a way to wish someone good luck.
IDIOMS
Here are some key things to know about idioms:

2. CULTURAL CONNOTATION: Idioms often reflect the cultural

experiences and values of a particular community. This is why some idioms may feel
confusing or nonsensical to people from different backgrounds.
Example : "Barking up the wrong tree" uses imagery from the natural world to
convey the pursuit of a misguided goal.
Idioms can be born from significant historical moments, like "crossing
the Rubicon" (reaching a point of no return) referencing Julius Caesar's pivotal
decision.
IDIOMS
Here are some key things to know about idioms:

3. FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE : Many idioms use metaphors, similes, or

other figures of speech to convey their meaning.
For example, "kick the bucket" is a metaphor for dying, while "see eye to eye"
uses a simile to express agreement.

4. COMMON USAGE : Idioms are found in everyday speech and writing,

adding flavor and nuance to our communication. Understanding and using them
effectively can make you sound more natural and fluent in the language.
IDIOMS
More Examples:
IDIOMS MEANING
Cost an arm and a leg Very Expensive
Raining cats and dogs Heavy Rain
Spill the beans Reveal a secret
Miss the boat Be too late for an opportunity
Be creative and come up with
Think outside the box
new ideas
Doing something poorly in order
Cutting corners
to save time or money
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
SYNONYMS
Words or phrases that have the same or very similar meaning to another
word. They allow you to rephrase something while maintaining its
essence.
EXAMPLES: • Artful = Crafty
• happy = joyful • Ballot = Poll
• excited = elated • Chorus = Refrain
• big = large • Deceptive – Misleading
• fast = quick
• beautiful = stunning
BENEFITS:
 Expands your vocabulary and avoids repetition.
 Adds nuance and precision to your writing or speech.
 Makes your communication more engaging and clearer.
SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS
ANTONYMS
Words or phrases that have the opposite or nearly opposite meaning to
another word. They create contrast and highlight different aspects of an
idea.
EXAMPLES: • Bravery = Cowardice,
• happy = sad • Crooked = Straight
• excited = boring • Dainty = Clumsy
• big = small
• fast = slow
• beautiful = ugly
BENEFITS:
 Creates emphasis and contrast in your writing or speech.
 Helps you explore different perspectives and angles of an issue.
 Makes your communication more vivid and thought-provoking.
WORD MAPS
A word map is a strategy to help learners learn new vocabulary word.
There are many different variations of how to use this strategy.
One way is to use the four-corner vocabulary chart, and with this
method students write the definition, use it in a sentence, they draw picture of
the word, and write the word in the corner. Other methods to use this strategy is
to add antonyms, synonyms, dictionary definitions, part of speech and more.
This strategy can be adjusted to meet the needs of all learners.
Throughout this strategy students are making personal connections
because they are drawing their own picture, writing their own sentence and the
definition in their own words. By doing this, it gives more meaning to learning
the vocabulary word, and this would help struggling readers tremendously.
Graphic organizers are helpful for all learners because it really helps them
organize their thoughts.
 WORD MAPS
According to Robert Marzano (2009), an educational researcher, he mentions
that for students to effectively learn vocabulary they need to follow a six-step
process. The steps are as followed:

1. Provide a description, explanation, or example of the new term.

2. Ask students to restate the description, explanation, or example in their own words.
3. Ask students to construct a picture, pictograph, or symbolic representation of the term.
4. Engage students periodically in activities that help them add to their knowledge of the
terms in their vocabulary notebooks.
5. Periodically ask students to discuss the terms with one another.
6. Involve students periodically in games that enable them to play with terms.
WORD MAPS
EXAMPLE:

The image is an example of a

very common word map. In this
word map, students write the
vocabulary word in the center,
they define the word, provide
synonyms, use it in a sentence,
and draw a picture of it.
WORD MAPS
EXAMPLE:

In this example above students

go into more detail with the word.
They find the synonym, antonym,
dictionary definition, sentence from
the text and other forms of the word.
WORD MAPS
EXAMPLE:

The image to the left is like the

other two-word maps above.
Students write the word, use it in a
sentence, write the definition, find a
synonym for the word, illustrate it
and determine it's part of speech.
REFERENCES
20 Types of Figures of Speech, With Definitions and Examples | Grammarly

ndl.ethernet.edu.et

English idioms | EF Global Site (English)

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/idiom

Synonyms And Antonyms List - 400+ Synonyms & Antonyms For Competitive Exams (byjus.co
m)

Synonyms and Antonyms: Examples, Questions and Lists of Words (toppr.com)

Word Map - Strategies for Students (weebly.com)