Health Promotion Lecture Notes 2023 (Autosaved)

PHARMACY PRACTICE
HEALTH PROMOTION
OBJECTIVES
 1. Understand the concepts and
definition of health
 2. Understand the beliefs and
approaches in health promotion
 3. Understand health promotional
strategies and priority action
 4. Understand health inequalities
 5. Understand best practices when
developing a health promotion
program
WHAT IS HEALTH?
 The World Health Organization (WHO, 1948)defined

health as" A state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.“
 The WHO definition links health explicitly with

wellbeing, and conceptualizes health as a human right
requiring physical and social resources to achieve and
maintain.
CONTINUATION..
 ‘Wellbeing’(the state of being comfortable,
healthy, or happy.) refers to a positive rather than
neutral state, framing health as a positive
aspiration. This definition was adapted by the 1986
Ottawa charter, which describes health as ‘a
resource for everyday life, not the object of
living’. From this perspective health is a means to
living well, which highlights the link between
health and participation in society.
DIMENSIONS OF HEALTH
DIMENTIONS OF HEALTH EXPLAINED
 PHYSICAL: The physical dimension of health refers to the
bodily aspect of health. It refers to the more traditional
definitions of health as the absence of disease and injury.
 MENTAL: Mental health refers to the cognitive aspect of

health. Often mental health is linked to or includes
emotional health. Mental health is more of the functioning of
the brain, while emotional health refers to the a persons
mood often connected to their hormones. Mental health then
includes many mental health issues such as Alzheimers
disease and dementia.
CONTINUATION
 EMOTIONAL: Emotional health is about the persons mood
or general emotional state. It is our ability to recognize
and express feelings adequately. It relates to you self
esteem as well as your ability control your emotions to
maintain a realistic perspective on situations. The
relationship between emotional and mental health is
clear and as such some illnesses relate to both, such as:
depression and anxiety.
 SPIRITUAL: Spiritual health relates to our sense of overall
purpose in life. People often find this purpose from a
belief or faith system, while others create their own
purpose. A person who has purpose to life is said to be
healthier than those who don’t see a purpose to life.
CONTINUATION
 SOCIAL: The social dimension of health

refers to our ability to make and maintain
meaningful relationships with others. Good
social health includes not only having
relationships but behaving appropriately
within them and maintaining socially
acceptable standards.
INFLUENCES ON HEALTH
 Many factors combine together to affect the health of
individuals and communities. Whether people are healthy or
not, it is determined by their circumstances and environment.
To a large extent, factors such as where we live, the state of
our environment, genetics, our income and education level,
and our relationships with friends and family all have
considerable impacts on health, whereas the more commonly
considered factors such as access and use of health care
services often have less of an impact. These factors are
therefore called social determinants of health.
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
THE LEVEL OF NEEDS
THE CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
 Understanding health is the basis of all
healthcare.
 Health is not perceived the same way by all
members of the community including various
professional groups like (the biomedical
scientists, ecologists, social scientists and the
health administrators) giving rise to confusion
about the concepts of health.
 Health has evolved over the years from a
concept of individual concern to a worldwide
social goal.
 The various changing concepts of health are
as follows:
CONTINUATION
CONTINUATION
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CONTINUATION
HEALTH PROMOTION
 The World Health Organization(WHO) defines
health promotion as : “the process of enabling
people to increase control over, and to improve,
their health.”
 Asa core function of public health, health
promotion supports governments, communities
and individuals to cope with and address health
challenges. This is accomplished by building
healthy public policies, creating supportive
environments, and strengthening community
action and personal skills.
PRESENTATIONS
 GROUP 1
 Discuss
the Health Belief Model(HBM) as an
approach in Health promotion
 GROUP 2
 Discussthe Health Promotion Model(HPM)
as an approach in Health promotion
CONTINUATION
 GROUP 3
 Discuss
the Transtheoretical Model(TTM) as
an approach in Health promotion
 GROUP 4
 Discuss
the Theory of Reasoned action(TRA)
and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory(DOI)
as approaches in health promotion
HEALTH PROMOTION ACTIONS
A landmark international WHO conference on
health promotion was held in Ottawa, in Canada, in
1986 and it published the key document, the
Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, which
continues to guide health promotion practice
today. CHARTER for action to achieve Health for All
by the year 2000 and beyond. This conference was
primarily a response to growing expectations for a
new public health movement around the world.
THE OTTAWA CHARTER
CONTINUATION
HEALTH PROMOTION STRATEGIES
CONTINUATION
CONTINUATION
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
 What are health inequalities?
 Healthinequalities are the unjust and avoidable
differences in people’s health across the population
and between specific population groups.
CONTINUATION
Equity in health implies that ideally should Have a fair

opportunity to attain their full health potential and
more pragmatically, that none should be
disadvantaged from achieving this potential, if it Can
be avoided.
Equity is therefore concerned with creating equal

opportunities for health and with bringing health
differentials down to the lowest level possible
CONTINUATION
 Health inequality is the opposite of
equity
 Mostdisease burden is seen among the
worlds poor and yet healthcare is
mostly by the rich.
TACKLING INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH
 Strengthening individuals
 Strengthening communities
 Improving access to health facilities and
services
 Encouraging a Healthy public policy
BEST PRACTICES WHEN DEVELOPING A
HEALTH PROMOTION PROGRAMME
CONTINUATION
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THE END

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PHARMACY PRACTICE

 The World Health Organization (WHO, 1948)defined

 The WHO definition links health explicitly with

 MENTAL: Mental health refers to the cognitive aspect of

 SOCIAL: The social dimension of health

Equity in health implies that ideally should Have a fair

Equity is therefore concerned with creating equal

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