Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 6 views

    Introduction To Physiology & Body Fluids

    Uploaded by

    owotiajoshua7

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Introduction To Physiology & Body Fluids

    Uploaded by

    owotiajoshua7
    6 views25 pages

    Original Title

    2. Introduction to Physiology & Body Fluids

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    6 views25 pages

    Introduction To Physiology & Body Fluids

    Uploaded by

    owotiajoshua7

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    BODY FLUID

    COMPARTMENTS

    DR. AJAK MAKOR


    MBBS, MMED SURGERY
    06/05/2024
    Objectives:
    1. Discuss the distribution of total body water
    (TBW) in the human body
    2. Explain the principles of TBW
    measurements.
    3. Define functional units used in measuring
    physiological properties
    Body Composition
    The average young adult male’s body is composed
    of the following;
    a. 18% of the body weight is protein and related
    substances.
    b. 7% is mineral.
    c. 15% is fat.
    d. The remaining 60% is water.
    Total body fluid is divided into ICF and ECF
    ECF is divided into three components: the circulating
    plasma in blood vessels, the interstitial fluid and the
    transcellular fluid.
    FLUID COMPARTMENTS

    EXTRA CELLUAR INTRA CELLULAR FLUID


    FLUID

    PLASMA INTERSTITIAL TRANSCELLULAR


    FLUID FLUID

    1. CSF
    2. Intra ocular
    3. Pleural
    4. Peritoneal
    5. Synovial
    Factors Affecting Total Body Water
    Varies depending on body fat:
    1. Infant: 73-80%
    2. Male adult: 60%
    3. Female adult: 40-50%
    4. Effects of obesity
    5. Old age 45%
    6. Climate Level of physical activity
    Percentage of water in tissues
    Regulation of Water Intake
    The hypothalamic thirst center is stimulated:

    1. By a decline in plasma volume of 10%–


    15%.
    2. By increases in plasma osmolality of 1–2%
    3. Via baroreceptor input, angiotensin II, and
    other stimuli.
    Solutes:
    Dissolved particles:
    1. Electrolytes – charged particles
    1. Cations – positively charged ions
    Na+, K+ , Ca++, H+
    2. Anions – negatively charged ions
    Cl-, HCO3- , PO43-
    2. Non-electrolytes - Uncharged
    1. Proteins, urea, glucose, O2, CO2
    Osmosis
    The diffusion of solvent molecules into a
    region in which there is a higher
    concentration of a solute to which the
    membrane is impermeable—is called
    osmosis.
    One osmole (Osm) equals the gram-
    molecular weight of a substance divided by
    the number of freely moving particles that
    each molecule liberates in solution.
    Osmolarity

    Osmolarity is the number of osmoles per


    liter of solution (e.g, plasma).
    Osmolality
    Osmolality is the number of osmoles
    per kilogram of solvent.
    Osmotic Pressure
    Osmotic pressure of a solution is the
    pressure needed to keep it in equilibrium
    with pure water.
    The higher the concentration of solutes in a
    solution, the higher its osmotic pressure.
    Cont.
    In a semipermeable membrane;
    1. Movement of some solute is obstructed
    2. H2O (solvent) crosses freely
    3. End point:
    1. H2O moves until solute concentration on
    both sides of the membrane is equal
    2. Or, an opposing force prevents further
    movement
    Units for Measuring Concentration
    of Solutes
    Moles: A mole is the molecular weight of a
    substance in grams.
    Each mole (mol) consists of 6 ×10 23 molecules.
    The millimole (mmol) is 1/1000 of a mole.
    The micromole (μmol) is 1/1,000,000 of a mole.
    Thus; 1 mol of NaCl = 23 g + 35.5 g = 58.5 g, and 1
    mmol = 58.5 mg.
    Oncotic Pressure
    This is the pressure needed to push back
    protein that have leaked into the
    interstituim back to the blood vessels.
    Tonicity
    Tonicity is the ability of a solution to cause a
    cell to gain or lose water – based on the
    concentration of solutes.

    Solutions that have the same osmolality as


    plasma are said to be isotonic.
    Solutions with greater osmolality are
    hypertonic.
    Solutions with lesser osmolality are
    hypotonic.
    Cont.
    If 2 solutions have equal [solutes], they are
    called isotonic.
    If one has a higher [solute], and lower
    [solvent], it is said to be hypertonic.
    The one with a lower [solute], and higher
    [solvent], it is said to be hypotonic.
    Hypotonic solution Isotonic solution Hypertonic solution

    H2O H2O H2O H2O

    Lysed Normal Shriveled


    Equivalents
    The concept of electrical equivalence is important
    in physiology because many of the solutes in the
    body are in the form of charged particles.
    One equivalent (eq) is 1 mol of an ionized
    substance divided by its valence.
    One mole of NaCl dissociates into 1 eq of Na+ and
    1 eq of Cl–
    One equivalent of Na+= 23 g, but 1 eq of Ca2+ =
    40 g/2 = 20 g.
    The milliequivalent (meq) is 1/1000 of 1 eq.
    Measurement of TBW
    TBW is measured by application of the
    indicator dilution principle as follows;
    A known amount of an indicator substance
    that can penetrate cell membrane to be
    diluted in both ECF and ICF such as
    (aminopyrine, deuterium or tritium oxide)) is
    intravenously injected into the subject.
    Its concentration in the plasma is then
    determined after a few minutes and the TWB
    volume is calculated by dividing amount of the
    injected indicator by its plasma concentration.
    .
    Criteria for a suitable Dye

    1. Must mix evenly throughout the compartment


    2. Non toxic, no physiological activity
    3. Even mixing
    4. Must have no effect of its own on the
    distribution of H2O or other substances in the
    body
    5. Either it must be unchanged during the
    experiment or if it changes , the amount
    changed must be known.
    6. The material should be relatively easy to
    measure.
    ECF Measurement
    ECF is measured by application of the
    indicator dilution principle as in measurement
    of TBW but the indicator substance used in
    this case should not penetrate cell
    membranes, it must be diluted in the ECF
    only such as sucrose, mannitol and inulin.
    ICF Measurement
    ICF is measured indirectly by subtracting
    the ECF volume from the TBW.
    Interstitial fluid can not be measured
    directly too but the ECF / plasma volume is
    determined first, then the difference
    between them equals the tissue/interstitial
    fluid volume
    1012 Tera T
    109 Giga G
    Units of Measure in 106 Mega M
    Physiology 103 Kilo k
    • International Metric System 10 Hecto h
    in Science; 10 Deka da
    – Liquid- Liter, L 10-1 Deci D
    – Solid- Grams, g 10-2 Centi c
    – Length- Meters, m 10-3 Milli m
    – Molecule concentration- 10-6 Micro µ
    moles 10-9 Nano n
    10-12 Pico p

    10-15 Femto f

    10-18 atto a
    Converting Units
    • Conversion of units is very important in any field

    1 cc = 1mL
    5 mL = 1 tsp
    1 kg = 2.2 lb = 35.3 oz
    1 m = 39.37 in = 3.28 ft
    1m2 = 10.76 ft2
    2.24cm = 1in
    3.28 ft = 1m
    ???
    Thank
    You

    You might also like