Topic: Conductors

TOPIC :- CONDUCTORS
NAME :- TANISH SISODIYA
CLASS :- XII A
ROLL NO. :- 16
INTRODUCTION
Conductor:
The coil from an electric heater gets hot and conducts electricity
well. A conductor is something which allows electricity to flow
through.
An example of a conductor is
Scissors, Paper clip, Aluminum foil, Iron, Steel, Copper
In all good conductor's electric current flows through them without
resistance.
Example: Electricity flows through the coil in the power line coils without
resistance and easily
When it comes to the flow of electric current, all materials fall into three
categories:-
Insulators, Conductors, Resistors
Insulator :-
Any material that does not allow electric current to
pass through it.
like the protective coating on wires
Plastic, rubber, cloth, wood, glass.
Insulators like plastic and rubber are used as a

covering for electric wires.
This makes electric wires safer to handle because the
insulator protects you from the current.
Conductor
Any material that allows electric current to pass through it.
Resistor
A material or a device that allows some current to pass but converts
some of the current to another form of energy.
Simple circuit with light
An electrical conductor is a substance in which electrical charge carriers, usually electrons, move easily
from atom to atom with the application of voltage. Conductivity, in general, is the capacity to transmit
something, such as electricity or heat. Pure elemental silver is the best electrical conductor encountered
in everyday life. Copper, steel, gold, aharian, and brass are also good conductors. In electrical and
electronic systems, all conductors comprise solid metals molded into wires or etched onto circuit boards.
Some liquids are good electrical conductors. Mercury is an excellent example. A saturated salt-water
solution acts as a fair conductor. Gases are normally poor conductors because the atoms are too far apart
to allow a free exchange of electrons. However, if a sample of gas contains a significant number of ions,
it can act as a fair conductor. A substance that does not conduct electricity is called an insulator or
dielectric material. Common examples include most gases, porcelain, glass, plastic, and distilled water.
A material that conducts fairly well, but not very well, is known as a resistor. The most common
example is a combination of carbon and clay, mixed together in a specific ratio to produce a constant
and predictable opposition to electric current. Substances called semiconductors act as good conductors
under some conditions and poor conductors under other conditions. Silicon, germanian, and various
metal oxides are examples of semiconductor materials. In a semico
CONDUCTORS MATERIALS
Conduction material include metal, electrolytes, superconductors, semiconductors. plasmas and some non-metallic
conductors such as graphite and Conductive polymers. Copper has a high conductivity. Annealed copper is the
international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared. The main grade of copper used for
electrical applications, such as building wire, motor windings, cables and busbars, is electrolytic-tough pach (ETP)
copper (CW004A or ASTM designation C100140). This copper has an electrical conductivity of at least 101% IACS
(International Annealed Copper Standard).If high conductivity copper must be welded or brazed or used in a reducing
atmosphere, then oxygen-free high conductivity copper (CWOOSA or ASTM designation C10100) may be used. Because
of its case of comection by soldering or clamping, copper is still the most common choice for most light-gauge wires.
Silver is more 'conductive than copper, but due to cost it is not practical in most cases. However, it is used in specialized
equipment, such as satellites, and as a thin plating to mitigate skin effect losses at high frequencies. Aluminum wire,
which has 61% of the conductivity of copper, has been used in building wiring for its kwer cost. By weight, aluminium
has higher conductivity than copper, but it has properties that cause problems when used for building wiring. It can
form a resistive oxide within connections that makes wiring terminal heat. Aluminum can "creep", slowly deforming
under load, eventually causing device connections to loosen, and has a different coefficient of thermal expansion
compared to materials used for connections. This accelerates the loosening of connections. These effects can be avoided
by using wiring devices approved for use with aluminium. Aluminum wires used for low voltage distribution, such as
buried cables and service drops, require use of compatible connectors and installation methods to prevent heating at
joints. Aluminum is also the most common metal used in high-voltage transmission lines, in combination with steel as
ACSR TRAPEZOIDAL SHAPED WIRE CONDUCTOR
Vibration Resistant Conductor Designs:VR Conductor - A wind induced motion resistant conductor, VR
conductor is desimed for use as a bare overhead conductor in areas subject to aeolian vibration and
galloping due to wind and ice. Use of this conductor allows it to be strung to the maximum allowable NESC
design tensions without the need for additional vibration protection. VR conductor is composed of two
identical conductors twisted together with a nine-foot left-hand lay, giving the conductor a spiraling "figure
8" stupe. This spiraled shaped disrupts the forces created by steady cross winds by presenting a
continuously changing projected conductor diameter to the wind. By disrupting the forces created by
turbulent wind flow, conductor vibration is prevented. This unique spiral shape, together with less
torsional stiffness and varying bending stiffness also reduces or eliminates conductor galloping due to
combined ice and wind loads. VR conductor can be made of component conductors of AAC, AAAC,
ACAR, ACSR,AAC/TW or ACSR/TW meeting the appropriate requirements. The type component or sub
conductor selected should be based on strength and thermal requirements. Constructions unrevealable in
all conductor sizes and are suitable for both distribution and transmission requirements. VR conductor is
typically manufactured and sold as an alternate to standard round conductor. The total circular mil area of
both component conductors equals the circular mil area of the VR construction. Conductor constructions
are normally referred to by the registered code name of the component conductors followed by the VR
designation, i.e., "Ibis/VR".
They have many daily life uses
For example :-
• To check the temperature of a body, mercury is a common material in the
thermometer.
• Aluminium use in manufacture of foils for food preservation. It is also used in

cooking vessels as it is a good conductor of electricity and heat.
• Iron is a common material used to conduct heat in vehicle engine manufacturing.

The iron plate is composed of steel to briskly absorb heat. In the car radiators,
conductors find their use in the eradication of heat away from the engine.
THANK YOU….

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TOPIC :- CONDUCTORS

NAME :- TANISH SISODIYA

Insulators like plastic and rubber are used as a

• Aluminium use in manufacture of foils for food preservation. It is also used in

• Iron is a common material used to conduct heat in vehicle engine manufacturing.

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