Planning & Organizing - Unit 2
Planning & Organizing - Unit 2
Planning & Organizing - Unit 2
5. Encourages Achievement
The act of putting thoughts down on paper and evolving a plan provides the planner
with guidance and a desire to achieve. Planning reduces random activity, overlapping
efforts, and irrelevant actions.
Decides the major goals & Decides the detailed use of It is a method a department or
policies of allocation of resources for achieving each team uses to take the company’s
resources to achieve the goals. goal. strategic plan and turn it into a
Done by the higher level of Done at a lower level of detailed map broken up into
management. management. various components.
It is a long-term process & It is a short-term process & This plan is made with a focus on
generally based on forecasting is done on the basis of the the future to outline budget
technology, political past performance of the allocations, departmental
environment etc. organization, less certain. activities, and targets for the next
It is less detailed because it is It is more detailed because it year to three years.
not involved with the day-to-day is involved in the day to day It’s essential to record each team
operations of the organization. operations of the member’s responsibilities for the
organization. fiscal year in detail.
Establishing Verifiable Goals Done by the Upper management
or Set of Goals to be Achieved
• The Key Result Areas (KRAs) planned are specific to each employee, depending on their interest,
educational qualification, and specialization.
• It provides the employees with a clear understanding of what is expected of them. The supervisors
set goals for every member of the team, and every employee is provided with a list of unique tasks.
• Every employee is assigned unique goals. Hence, each employee feels indispensable to the
organization and eventually develops a sense of loyalty to the organization.
• Managers help ensure that subordinates’ goals are related to the objectives of the organization.
MBE- Management By Exception
Management by exception (MBE) is a style of business
management that focuses on identifying and handling
cases that deviate from the norm, recommended as
best practice by the project management method.
The norm should be The most crucial part of the It then becomes an
something easily process is monitoring the Find no significant
issue for the
quantifiable and relevant data sets and assessing deviation
responsible
achievable. whether the actual performance Find a significant deviation
management to
matches with the norms. deal with the
deviation and to
respond
appropriately
Principles of MBE
1. A systematic approach.
2. A comprehensive
organizational policy.
3. A good understanding of
exceptions.
4. A proper delegation of
authority.
5. Continuous development of
subordinates.
Decision Making -Introduction
Decision-making is a soft skill that involves
choosing between possible solutions to a
problem.
The person making a decision follows a step-
by-step process, including collecting
information, weighing pros and cons, and
reviewing alternative solutions.
2. Command decision-making
Command decision-making strategy makes a choice without listening to input from
other people.
This approach can be useful in urgent or time-sensitive situations since it is the fastest
and most direct form of decision-making.
3. Collaborative Decision-Making
The approach involves getting input from multiple people.
Groups or teams work together to discuss a situation and develop a potential solution.
This strategy can help you ensure your team members feel like you value their opinions.
4. Expertise Decision-Making
The Experts in a certain industry, career, or subject matter may choose to use the
expertise decision-making strategy.
5. Consensus-based Decision-Making
To ensure everyone on your team is aligned about a decision, use the consensus-based
decision-making strategy.
It may take longer than many other strategies, as it can promote a sense of unity and
teamwork.
6. Random Choice Decision-Making
This decision-making is one of the simplest strategies available. When used
appropriately, this approach can save you time and help you make effective decisions.
7. Vote Decision-Making
Using the vote decision-making strategy allows you to make your decision based on
what the majority of people want.
This can be a great method for gathering direct input from a large group of people
without spending an extensive amount of time in discussion.
8. Single-feature Decision-Making
The single-feature decision-making strategy can be an effective method to make quick
decisions about simple topics. To use this approach, identify the most important
feature your decision needs to include.
9. Delegation Decision-Making
This strategy is a great option if you need input from someone who is well-informed on the
topic.
It gives the decision-making responsibilities to someone else, such as a consultant, expert, or
someone on your team that is more knowledgeable about the subject.
1. When there is a 1.Every problem In every 1. Compare the quality 1. Efforts should be
deviation from past should be correctly course of and Acceptability of made to secure
experience. diagnosed. action, various solutions. employee’s
2. When there is a 2. Identify symptoms alternatives 2. The solution must be acceptance of the
deviation from the of the problem, which exist. determined by decision.
plan. mislead the DM. taking into account 2. In case of
3. When other people the tangible and resistance, steps
bring problems to intangible should be taken to
the manager. consequences win cooperation.
4. When Competitors
3. Otherwise even the
outperform the
best decisions are
manager’s
not accepted by
organization.
the employees.
Factors Affecting the Decision-Making Process
Certainty
Tall Structure
Features of Centralization
FEATURES
What is centralization?
1. Top management is an important part of
Centralization is a process an organization.
where the power of making 2. Authority to make a decision is in the
an all-important decision hand of top management only.
related to all the activities 3. Information flows from the upper level to
taking place in an the lower levels.
organization is either in the 4. Longer time to make decisions.
5. Centralization is suitable for a small
hands of an individual or a
organization.
central location. 6. Inflexible in nature.
DECENTRALISATION
This implies:
Flat Organization
Features of Decentralization