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    Asthma Presentation by Ekene

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    goldenmiebaka.mg
    Asthma in paediatrics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Asthma Presentation by Ekene

    Uploaded by

    goldenmiebaka.mg
    19 views52 pages
    Asthma in paediatrics

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

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    Asthma in paediatrics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views52 pages

    Asthma Presentation by Ekene

    Uploaded by

    goldenmiebaka.mg
    Asthma in paediatrics

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 52

    BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

    By
    Nwokoye Hilary Ekene
    U2017/4710064
    083

    And
    MIEBAKA GOLDEN
    PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

    The pathophysiology of bronchial


    asthma involves complex
    interactions between genetic
    predisposition, environmental
    triggers, airway inflammation,
    and bronchial
    hyperresponsiveness.
    Airway Inflammation:
    •Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation of
    the airways, involving infiltration of various
    inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, mast cells,
    T lymphocytes, and macrophages.
    •Exposure to allergens, respiratory viruses,
    pollutants, or other triggers leads to the release of
    pro-inflammatory mediators, such as histamine,
    leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and cytokines.
    •These mediators promote inflammation,
    vasodilation, mucous secretion, and recruitment of
    inflammatory cells to the airway epithelium and
    submucosa.
    Bronchial Hyper responsiveness (BHR):
    •Individuals with asthma exhibit increased sensitivity
    of the airways to various stimuli, leading to
    exaggerated bronchoconstriction and airflow
    obstruction.
    •BHR results from multiple factors, including airway
    inflammation, smooth muscle hyper reactivity, altered
    neurohumoral regulation, and structural changes in the
    airway wall.
    •Exposure to triggers such as allergens, cold air,
    exercise, or respiratory infections can precipitate
    bronchoconstriction and asthma symptoms in
    susceptible individuals.
    Smooth Muscle Contraction:
    •Contraction of bronchial smooth muscle is
    a central feature of asthma
    pathophysiology, leading to airway
    narrowing and obstruction.
    •Mediators such as acetylcholine,
    histamine, and leukotrienes promote
    smooth muscle contraction, while
    bronchodilators such as β2-adrenergic
    agonists act to counteract this effect.
    Airway Remodeling:
    •Chronic inflammation and repeated episodes of
    bronchoconstriction can lead to structural changes in
    the airway wall, collectively termed airway
    remodeling.
    •Remodeling features include epithelial injury,
    subepithelial fibrosis, increased airway smooth muscle
    mass, mucous gland hyperplasia, and angiogenesis.
    •These changes contribute to fixed airflow
    obstruction, reduced responsiveness to
    bronchodilators, and progressive decline in lung
    function over time.
    Immunological Dysregulation:
    •Asthma is considered a heterogeneous disorder with
    various phenotypes and endotypes, reflecting diverse
    underlying immunological mechanisms.
    •Type 2 inflammation, characterized by increased
    levels of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, plays a
    central role in allergic asthma driven by allergen
    exposure.
    •Non-allergic asthma may involve different pathways,
    such as innate immune responses, Th1/Th17-mediated
    inflammation, or viral-induced exacerbations.
    COMPLICATIONS
    • Severe asthma attacks that require emergency
    treatment or hospital care.
    • Permanent decline in lung function.
    • Missed school days or falling behind in
    schoolwork.
    • Poor sleep and fatigue.
    • Symptoms that interfere with play, sports or
    other activities.

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