NCC11e Lecture1

Chapter 1: Food Choices and
Health
PowerPoint Lectures for

Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies, eleventh edition
Frances Sizer and Ellie Whitney
Lectures by Judy Kaufman, Ph.D.

Copyright © 2008 Thomson Wadsworth Publishing
What is this chapter about??
Why should we care about nutrition?
What are the nutrients in foods and what

roles do they play in the body?
What constitutes or forms a nutritious diet?
How do people go about making changes to

their diets?
Nutrition is... Food is...
the science of how food any substance that

nourishes the body. the body can take
in and absorb that
will enable it to stay
alive and grow
supplies energy and

nutrients
diet is... nutrients are...
Foods and Parts of food that

beverages a person are important for
usually eats and the body to
drinks? function.
Provide: energy,
serve as building
material, help
maintain or repair
body parts, and
support growth.
Nutrients include
1. water
2. carbohydrates
3. fats
4. proteins
5. vitamins
6. minerals
Question?????
According to the definition of food what are

some typical and aytipical examples of
food?
A Lifetime of Nourishment
The nutrients in food

support growth,
maintenance, and repair
of the body.
Deficiencies, excesses,
and imbalances of
nutrients bring on the
diseases of
When you choose foods with
malnutrition. nutrition in mind, you can
enhance your own well being
The Diet and Health Connection pg. 3
Nutrition profoundly
affects health.
Chronic diseases
have a connection to a
poor diet.
Which of these
diseases are chronic?
The Diet and Health Connection
Chronic diseases include:

– Heart disease
– Diabetes
– Some cancers
– Dental disease
– Adult bone loss
The Diet
The Dietand
andHealth
Health Connection
Connection
Chronic diseases
– Cannot be prevented by a good diet alone
– To some extent determined by genetics,

activities, and lifestyle
Genetics and Individuality
Inherited disease - condition that is passed

from a parent to a child
– Hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, Down syndrome, cystic
fibrosis, and many others
Acquired disease - condition that is

associated with infections, lifestyle behaviors
or diet
– Heart attack, diabetes, stroke, mineral or vitamin
deficiencies
Genetics and Individuality pg. 3
Choice of diet influences long-term health within

the range set by genetic inheritance.
Nutrition has little influence on some diseases but

strongly affects others.
The Importance of Nutritional Genomics
Integration of nutrition, genomic science,

and molecular biology.
– Looks at how nutrients affect the activities of
genes and how genes affect the activities of
nutrients.
– Expected to advance treatment of certain
diseases.
Other Lifestyle Choices 0
Only two common lifestyle habits have a

stronger influence on long-term health than
dietary choices. Can you guess which?
– Smoking & other tobacco use
– Excessive alcohol consumption

Other Lifestyle Choices
Tobacco use and alcohol and other

substances can destroy health.
Staying active, getting enough sleep, and

stress can all affect health.
Healthy People 2010: Nutrition
Objectives for the Nation pg. 5
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
sets nutrition objectives for the nation each decade
The Human Body and Its Food 0
Nutrients – parts of food needed for the

body’s functioning.
– Roles:
• Provide energy
• Building material
• Maintenance and repair
• Support growth
The Human Body and Its Food
Where does energy come from?
Body uses energy when doing work
Energy comes directly from the sun by way

of plants
When you eat plants you are getting the

stored energy from the sun.
When you eat animal tissue you are eating

compounds containing energy that came
originally from the sun
The Human Body and Its Food
Food and the human

body are made up
of the same
materials
Meet the Nutrients 0
Essential nutrients –
Nutrient Essential
must be obtained in the
Class nutrient
diet because the body does
not make them Carbohydrate Glucose
Found in all 6 classes Fat Linoleic acid

linolenic acid
Protein 9 amino
acids of 20
Vitamins All 13
Minerals 25
Water Yes
Meet the Nutrients
Calorie - the amount of heat energy

needed to raise the temperature of one
kilogram (1 liter) of water by 1oC
– Explode food pieces in a special water-lined

chamber and measure the heat given off from
the explosion
Meet the Nutrients
Gram – a unit of weight.
– For instance, one teaspoon of sugar weighs

roughly 5 grams.
Meet the Nutrients
Can I Live On Just Supplements?
Elemental diets – diets with a precise

chemical composition.
– Lifesaving for people who cannot eat ordinary
food.
– Not appropriate over long periods for healthy
people as “meal replacers” or “insurance”
against malnutrition.
Food is better than supplements

– The digestive system can break down and absorb nutrients
most efficiently from whole foods
– Eating provides physical, psychological, and social comfort

for people as well
When you eat foods, you are

receiving more than nutrients
Some foods offer

beneficial non-
nutrients called
phyto-chemicals.
Confer taste, color, and

possible health
benefits.
Some foods offer beneficial nonnutrients

Nonnutrient- compunds other than the 6
nutrients that are present in foods and that
have biological activity in the body.
Phytochemicals- nonnutrient compunds in

plants that have bilogical activity in the
body.
The Challenge of Choosing Foods
Foods come in a bewildering variety in the

marketplace, but the foods that form the
basis of a nutritious diet are basic foods.
The Abundance of Foods to Choose From 0
The Abundance of Foods to Choose From
All foods once looked like this...

The Challenge of Choosing Foods
...but now many foods look like this.

How, Exactly, Can I Recognize a Nutritious Diet?
All of these factors help to build a nutritious diet.

Elements of a Healthy Diet - ABCMV
Adequacy - get enough of essential nutrients.
Balance - contains a good proportion of nutrients. No

overemphasis of a food group.
Calorie control - choose foods to maintain ideal body

weight.
Moderation - eat any food in reasonable-size portions.
Variety - eat different types of food to prevent boredom.

Why People Choose Foods
Eating is an intentional act.
People choose:
– What to eat
– Where to eat
– Who to eat with
– How to prepare it
Cultural and Social Meanings Attached to Foods
Food ways – the sum of a culture’s habits,

customs, beliefs, and preferences
concerning food.
Sharing ethnic food

is a way of sharing
culture
Cultural and Social Meanings Attached to Foods 0
Omnivore
– A person who eats food of both plant and animal
origin, including animal flesh
Vegetarian
– Lacto-ovo – animal products but no flesh
– Vegan – neither animal products nor flesh

Where do you fit in?
1. I eat everything.
2. I don’t eat red meat but I eat
poultry/fish.
3. I am a lacto-ovo vegetarian
4. I am a vegan.
5. I eat fish but no other animal.
Factors That Drive Food Choices
Advertising Positive associations
Availability Region of the country
Economy Social pressure
Emotional comfort Values or beliefs
Habit Weight
Personal preference Nutritional value

THE SCIENCE OF NUTRITION
Nutrition is a science so scientists and dieticians

work together to develop studies that are well
designed, controlled, and reviewed by other experts
Many studies take a long time to complete so

information may not be available as quickly as most
people would like it to be
0
The Scientific Approach
The Scientific Approach: Research Designs –
4 types
Examples of research design
Epidemiological study
This country’s food supply
has more olive oil and they
have less heart disease.
Lab study
Let’s prove that a vitamin
C deficiency leads to scurvy in
these rats.
The Scientific Approach: Research Designs –
4 types
Case study:
This person Intervention study:
eats too little Let’s add foods with vitamin C to his
iodine and has diet and see if he gets fewer colds.
goiter
Scientific Challenge
Once a finding is published, it is still only

preliminary
One experiment does not “prove” or

“disprove” anything
Must be duplicated, supported, and

challenged by other scientists
A finding that has stood up to repeated

rigorous testing may become a theory
Can I Trust the Media to Deliver Nutrition News?
Read nutrition information with an educated

eye
Consider the source of the information

– Is it from a reputable journal? A magazine? An
Internet chat room? A talk show? Your
mother???
National Nutrition Research
There are two ongoing national scientific

research projects:
1. National Health and Nutrition
Examination Surveys (NHANES)
• Asks about 50,000 people what they have eaten
• Records measures of their health status

National Nutrition Research
1. Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by

Individuals (CSFII)
- Records what people have actually eaten for two days
- Compares the foods they have chosen with the

recommended food selections
Consumer Corner: Reading Nutrition News
with an Educated Eye
Refereed journals: Review journals examine all

available evidence on major topics; research journals
report details of the methods, results and conclusions of
recently completed experiments.
Making Diet Changes
Nutrition knowledge is useful if it helps

people improve their diets.
People need to change behaviors.

Taking inventory and setting goals
Track food intake over several days and

compare to standards
Set small, achievable goals in areas that

need changing
The Process of
Change
Psychologists describe
6 stages of behavior
change
Obstacles to Change
Obstacles can cause lapses
Lapses can arise in these general areas:

– Competence
– Confidence
– Motivation
The Concept of Rewards
Motivation is based on rewards
Rewards are affected by:

– Value
– Timing
– Costs
– Probability
Start Now
As you read this book, little reminders

entitled Start Now appear at the end of
each chapter.
They invite you to go to the ThomsonNOW

Internet website to take inventory of your
current behaviors and set goals for needed
changes.
Summary: Behavior Change
Behavior change follows a predictable

pattern.
Motivation is the force that moves people to

act.
It is affected by the weights people give to

the rewards and the consequences that will
follow the action.
Food Feature
How can I get enough nutrients without

consuming too many calories?
– Nutrient Density – a measure of nutrients per

calorie.
Food Feature 0
Food Feature
Which food is the most nutrient dense?

a. Oreo cookie
b. Chicken soup
c. Milk shake
d. Skim milk
Answer: d
Controversy: Sorting the Impostors
from the Real Nutrition Experts
Who speaks on nutrition?

Identifying Valid Nutrition Information
Nutrition on the Net
Nutrition on the Net
PUBMED (www.pubmed.org) Internet resource

Who Are the True Nutrition Experts?
Who Are the True Nutrition Experts?
Detecting Fake Credentials
Detecting Fake Credentials
Sassafras and Charlie display their professional credentials

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Chapter 1: Food Choices and

PowerPoint Lectures for

Lectures by Judy Kaufman, Ph.D.

Why should we care about nutrition?

What are the nutrients in foods and what

What constitutes or forms a nutritious diet?

How do people go about making changes to

the science of how food any substance that

supplies energy and

Foods and Parts of food that

According to the definition of food what are

The nutrients in food

Chronic diseases include:

– To some extent determined by genetics,

Inherited disease - condition that is passed

Acquired disease - condition that is

Choice of diet influences long-term health within

Nutrition has little influence on some diseases but

Integration of nutrition, genomic science,

Only two common lifestyle habits have a

– Smoking & other tobacco use

– Excessive alcohol consumption

Tobacco use and alcohol and other

Staying active, getting enough sleep, and

Nutrients – parts of food needed for the

• Maintenance and repair

Body uses energy when doing work

Energy comes directly from the sun by way

When you eat plants you are getting the

When you eat animal tissue you are eating

Food and the human

Found in all 6 classes Fat Linoleic acid

Calorie - the amount of heat energy

– Explode food pieces in a special water-lined

Gram – a unit of weight.

– For instance, one teaspoon of sugar weighs

Elemental diets – diets with a precise

Food is better than supplements

– Eating provides physical, psychological, and social comfort

When you eat foods, you are

Some foods offer

Confer taste, color, and

Some foods offer beneficial nonnutrients

Phytochemicals- nonnutrient compunds in

Foods come in a bewildering variety in the

All foods once looked like this...

...but now many foods look like this.

All of these factors help to build a nutritious diet.

Adequacy - get enough of essential nutrients.

Balance - contains a good proportion of nutrients. No

Calorie control - choose foods to maintain ideal body

Moderation - eat any food in reasonable-size portions.

Variety - eat different types of food to prevent boredom.

Eating is an intentional act.

– Who to eat with

Food ways – the sum of a culture’s habits,

Sharing ethnic food

– Vegan – neither animal products nor flesh

Advertising Positive associations