Driving Forces of 5G

Driven by the Driven by the

Mobile Internet Internet of Things
Internet Internet
Mobile

Broadband Cloud
Big Data
(Wired/ Computing
Wireless)
Internet Smart Internet
Smart
Smart Terminals
Terminals
M2M……
M2M……

— Ubiquitous Network
— Ubiquitous Connection
— Ubiquitous Computing
— Ubiquitous Data

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 > For Internal Use

Big Picture of 5G Requirement Study

(1) Overall Trend of 5G Requirement Study

Driving forces of development toward 2020 and the future

(2) Key Capability Indexes

Market User Services and Operational
Requirements Requirements Applications Requirements Classification of and
Challenges to 5G Services

Position and role of 5G Capabilities of 4G

Technologies

Information Provided by Selection of Typical 5G

Technical Groups / Frequency (3) Suggestions on 5G Study Scenarios
Spectrum Groups
Objectives and capabilities Measurement of Key
Technical Trend of 5G technologies Capability Indexes

Spectrum Situation Suggestions on 5G study

in China
Technology, frequency
spectrum, standard, industry
chain requirements, time
schedule, relations with other
access systems
2

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 3GPP & IEEE/WFA
> For Internal Use

Potential Key 5G Technologies 3GPP Only

IEEE Only
Large-scale antenna
Higher data rate systems

Radio transmission
technologies
Huge capacity
Performance challenges

Key technology directions

Ultra-dense network

Support more HetNet convergence

connections
D2D enhancement

Shorter latency Large-scale M2M

Evolution of the 5G
network architecture
High mobility
Higher frequency
(mmW)
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Estimate of Demand for Average Spectrum Efficiency

Most Challenging Spectrum Efficiency Cell Spectrum Efficiency Example of Estimating
Scenarios per Unit Area Cell Spectrum Efficiency
Ultra-dense deployment of Assume that the total
Assume that the total 5 indoor small cells, each available bandwidth
available bandwidth is of which covers an area of BW = 200MHz –
Indoor BW (MHz) 200m2, with 15 m site 1GHz
spacing.
Office 17 3400
Total traffic: 17Gbps (Mbps/Hz/Km )2
(bps/Hz/Cell) 3.4 – 17bps/Hz/Cell
Area: 1000m2 BW BW

Dense deployment of 10
macro base stations (with site
Outdoor spacing of 200 m) and 80 pico
cells (covering 5000m2 with
site spacing of 75 m)
Large Outdoor
2 10000
Gathering
(Mbps/Hz/Km2) (bps/Hz/Cell) 10 – 50bps/Hz/Cell
Total traffic: 900Gbps BW BW
Area: 0.44 km2

The cell spectrum efficiency can be improved by 5 to 15 times compared with that
of 4G (*not yet agreed between the requirement group and the technical group)
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 > For Internal Use

Large Outdoor Gathering – ZTE

Relevant KPI
Traffic density: 924G bps/0.44km2

Applicable Technologies
• Homogeneous macro network: massive MIMO + NOMA + D2D, applicable for
outdoor transmission

Spectrum Efficiency Estimate

•Average
throughput of an R10 macro cell (with eight antennas) = 4.5 bps/Hz/cell,
area of a macro cell = 0.013 km2
•Throughput of a macro cell with 64 antennas = 12 bps/Hz/cell
•Throughput when NOMA is used to obtain additional gain by 1.5 times = 18
bps/Hz/cell
•Throughput when D2D is used to obtain additional gain by 1.5 times = 27 bps/Hz/cell
•Spectrum efficiency density = 2100 bps/Hz/km2
•Total spectrum used = 1 GHz

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 > For Internal Use

Dense Residential Area – ZTE

Relevant KPI
Traffic density: 2T bps/km2

Applicable Technologies
• Ultra-dense indoor femto cells. The inter-femto interference can be reduced due to
the loss through walls.
• Communication technologies for high frequency bands

Spectrum Efficiency Estimate

•Average
throughput of an R8 macro cell with two antennas = 2 bps/Hz/cell, area of
a macro cell = 0.1km2
•Average
throughput of 200 femtos deployed in each macro cell coverage = 300
bps/Hz/cell
•Spectrum efficiency density = 3000 bps/Hz/km2
•Total spectrum used = 660 MHz

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 Driving Force of and Requirements for the Evolution > For Internal Use

of the 5G Network Architecture

① User experience in 5G services focuses on multiple ② The existing network cannot meet the needs of
terminals, rich applications and high bandwidth. All this
overall 5G service upgrade. An evolved network
requires an evolved network that features higher
architecture and innovative functionalities are
bandwidth, lower latency, greater reliability and more
powerful intelligent capabilities. needed.

Massive 5G Services Push

Terminals Forward Network
User Evolution
Experience
Diversified High-bandwidth
Services Transmission

New Requirements for the 5G Network

An innovative network architecture Evolution toward a virtualized
New value-added services that are
that provides centralized control and software-based network to replace
provided through differentiated
scheduling of resources in the the existing expensive dedicated
processing of service data flows
access and core networks, to equipment and lower the network
and based on the existing network
improve the service provisioning deployment and operational costs.
connection capability.
capability of the entire network.
7

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 > For Internal Use

Overall Framework of the 5G Network System

Technologies for Technologies for Open Network
RAN CN Capabilities
Convergence of multiple radio Separation of the control
access technologies, unified plane and the user plane, Unified platform for open network
Study scheduling, intelligent virtualized network resources, capabilities and open network APIs to
management, generic processing centralized control, automatic achieve user-centric service innovation
Topics platform and virtualization, data network management and application deployment
caching and acceleration
Virtualized and Software-Based NE Functionalities Virtualized NE
functionalities can be
Cache Compression
Access Flow Signaling Traffic Routing Management rapidly deployed based on
Network Selection Mobility Optimization Control Gateway
Adaptation actual network needs
Video
Topology Optimization
Service Open Network
Value-added services
RAN CN can be orchestrated in
Routing
Functionalities Functionalities Capabilities real time and provided
based on users’
Centralized Control over Network Functionalities service demands

Service Network

Generic high-speed forwarding nodes are used in

the lower layer and scheduled by the control
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Cloud-Based Heterogeneous RAN

UDN Cloud Coordination

Virtual Cell Cloud

Amorphous Cell BB Pool

Massive
YYYY…YYYY
YYYY…YYYY
RU
YYYY…YYYY MIMO RU
YYYY…YYYY RU

D-RAN
RU

D2D D2D MMC

Inter-Site Cloud Seamless

IP Backhauling 10X Performance
Coordination Mobility

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies for CN

1. Restructure of the network architecture 2. Virtualization of Network Functionalities
and the functional modules of NEs – Decoupling of Software and Hardware
 Objectives: Decouple  Objectives: Deploy new
MME PCRF the control and services more flexibly,
S5/S8 forwarding functions to lower network
S11 Gx improve the flexibility and deployment and
SGW PGW
APP APP efficiency of the network. operational costs, and
Achieve flexible
software-based  Keys: Re-specify the use network resources
control over the functions of the control more efficiently
Controller forwarding plane
plane, design interface  Keys: Balanced
Enhanced Openflow Protocol/Other Control Protocols
protocols, optimize the performance, secure and
Generic Generic Generic architecture based on reliable orchestration and
Forwarding Forwarding Forwarding
Device Device Device
new technologies like management, scalability,
SDN. and interoperability.

Key 3. Mobility Management and Content

Forwarding in the New Architecture
 Automatic network management: Automatically Technologies  Objectives: Optimize and
Requirements for an
Innovative New CN

discovers virtualized servers, and re-configures simplify content

the network based on the migration and location transmission technologies,
change of the virtualized servers. and study mobility
 Virtualized network resources: Organizes and management in the new
architecture.
encapsulates the network logically through the
 Keys: Solutions for
centralized control plane to create a virtualized
mobility management in
network. the new architecture,
 Centralized network control: Balances and content parsing, and
schedules multiple NE through a centralized routing optimization
management and control platform to maintain
and control the network.

10
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Key Technologies for Open Network Capabilities

1. Provides users with basic services

2. Provides open APIs for third-party
developers to create new applications by
Analysis of Mobile using and reassembling these APIs
Network Capabilities 3. Introduces a platform with open
capabilities so that services can be
operated on the unified platform, to
create a new network service model.

1 2 3
Network Architecture Key Technologies for Open Platform with Open
with Open Capabilities Network Capabilities Capabilities
 Evolved network architecture  Perception, convergence and  Privacy protection
that supports open network analysis of RAN and CN technologies for user and
capabilities information service information
 Interworking of the open  Acquisition and analysis of user  Orchestration of open
network capabilities between perception information network capabilities,
different operator networks  Network control and scheduling modeling of services and
 Design of southbound and policies and open network information, and hosting of
northbound APIs capabilities based on network services
 Open network capabilities information, user perception  Security control related to
based on the big data information and service open network capabilities
technology requirements 11

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 • Growing wireless data
services
• Increased amount of data
• Users’ demands for
higher bandwidth

• A large number of data flows can be multiplexed with low interference between them,
greatly improving the average sum of the existing cellular network and the spectrum
efficiency at the edge of a cell.
• Not sensitive to co-channel interference, reducing the complexity of network planning as
well as the interworking among base stations.
• Large array gain, lowering the transmit power, reducing energy consumption of base
stations, and achieving green communication.
• Large diversity gain, ensuring good channel quality within the frequency band and
simplifying the complexity of BS resource management
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12 and allocation.
 Key Technologies for Study
• Network Architecture
 More applicable to multi-user and large-data-traffic scenarios.
 More applicable to heterogeneous networks.

• Control Channel
 The control channel (especially the downlink broadcast channel) is poorer than the service channel
in performance.
 The system coverage is subject to the broadcast channel, thus having an impact on the actual
network plan.
• RS
 The CSI-RS overhead is multiplied.
• CSI
 The codebook with relatively little overhead is used to quantify channel coefficients.

• Antenna Topology
 The antenna array elements are greatly increased and thus need to be extended to a two-
dimensional plane/surface or a three-dimensional array.
 The size of the antenna that meets the need for isolation is relatively large.
 Multiple antennas can be used for higher frequency bands (>5GHz).

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） Key Technologies of Massive MIMO – Adaptive
Beamforming (Adaptive BF)
• Compensate path loss of higher
frequency bands.
• Beams target at desired users and
suppresses interference users at the
same time.
• Automatically trace users

• User tracing
– How to trace a user if there is no direct
path between the user and the base
station?
– Answer: according to the path that has
the strongest reflection.
User
• Channel information feedback
– The following technologies are required:
rapid and precise beam targeting,
channel estimate and feedback
Base Station

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Contents

 Overall Trend in the Industry

 Driving Forces, Strategies and Challenges
 Key Fields of Study on 5G
 5G Spectrum Efficiency
 Evolution of the 5G Network Architecture
 Massive MIMO
 Radio Transmission Technologies
 UDN
 Large-Scale M2M
 Conclusion
 Discussion

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Radio Transmission Technologies – Innovation in
the Radio Link in the Physical Layer
– Coding and Modulation
• Non-linear pre-coding for multiple users
• New combined modulation and coding (Lattice encoding and
decoding method that combines coding and modulation, Multi-
element coding)
• Physical-layer network coding (PNC)
• Filter Bank MultiCarrier (FBMC)

– Multiple Access
• Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA and FTN)

– Receiver
• Optimizes the existing or new waveforms for MIMO transmission
• Supports full-duplex transmission of a short-distance radio link,
for example, Macro – Small Cell Backhaul

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NOMA: Key Technology for the Next-Generation Wireless > For Internal Use

Communications
• Increases the cell edge user throughput.
• Maintains the high user throughput close to a base station.
• Ensures the maximal sum capacity of the system during uplink access.
Uplink Access Downlink Broadcast

Non-orthogonal Throughput Orthogonal Throughput Non-orthogonal Throughput Orthogonal Throughput

P1 P1
R1 < log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz R1 <   log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz P1 h1
2 2
N0  N0 P1 h1
R1 < log(1+ 2
) bit/s/Hz R1 <   log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz
P P2 P2 h1  N 0  N0
R2 < log(1+ 2 ) bit/s/Hz R2 < (1- )  log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz
N0 (1- ) N 0 P2 h2
2
P2 h2
2

R2 < log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz R2 < (1- )  log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz

P1  P2 N0 (1- ) N 0
R1 +R2 < log(1+ ) bit/s/Hz
N0
Superposition Coding
Non-orthogonal Broadcast

Orthogonal
Broadcast
Non-orthogonal Access 20dB 0dB
Orthogonal Access

BS UE2
UE1

Maximal Uplink UE2 (Close to UE1 (Away Downlink UE2 (Close to UE1 (Away
Sum Capacity the BS) from the BS) Throughput the BS) from the BS)
Orthogonal
6.66b/s/Hz 0.065b/s/Hz Orthogonal Access 1b/s/Hz 0.9b/s/Hz
Access
Non-Orthogonal Non-Orthogonal
5.67b/s/Hz 1 b/s/Hz 3b/s/Hz 0.9b/s/Hz
Access Access
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Capacity Limit Achieved by the Combination of NOMA and
> For Internal Use

Serial Interference Cancellation (SIC)

• Uplink Access
 Multiple UEs use the common channel (this can work together with existing LTE
technologies.)
 The BS should perform SIC:
Demodulate and decode the information about UEs close to the BS, add channel
reconstruction and then subtract it.
Demodulate and decode the information about UEs away from the BS.
 The SIC process performed by the BS may cause error propagation.

• Downlink Broadcast
 The BS uses the superposition coding method to overlap information of multiple UEs.
 The UE close to the BS should perform SIC:
Demodulate and decode the information about UEs away from the BS, subtract it, and
demodulate and decode its own information.
 It is considered that the SIC process performed by the UE close to the BS causes no
error propagation.
 A UE away from the BS does not need to perform SIC because it only demodulates
and decodes its own information.
 To improve the performance of UEs away from the BS, most of the power is usually
allocated to these UEs while a small amount of power is left for UEs close to the BS.
However, the channels for UEs close to the BS have good performance, thus
contributing to high user throughput for these UEs.
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 > For Internal Use

Another Advantage of NOMA

• Although the orthogonal access is designed to eliminate interference between
UEs, such interference may still be generated if UEs are not accessed to RAN
synchronously as required.
 The requirements on synchronous access may affect the cell coverage.
 The system capacity is sacrificed, for example, the long CP in OFDM.
 The complex processing of synchronous access makes the UE more sophisticated.
 When the system is overloaded, synchronous access cannot be guaranteed.

• The design of non-orthogonal access and multiple UEs using the common
channel has low requirements on synchronous access.
 Interference between UEs exists, and the BS uses the SIC process to demodulate and decode
the information about the users.
 The unsynchronized access generally does not aggravate interference between UEs.
 The UE can simplify the processing of synchronous access to reduce power consumption and
complexity.
 Especially applicable to scenarios like D2D and M2M.
 The SIC process performed by the BS is more complicated.

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 > For Internal Use

Design Considerations for the NOMA System

• Fairness and latency
• User pairing
• Power allocation for multiple users
• Signaling overhead
• SIC related
 Error propagation
 Channel estimation error
 MCS Scheduling/AMC/HARQ
 AD/DA quantization precision
• High mobility scenarios
• UE’s computing capability
• Privacy related problems

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 FBMC: Key Technology for the Next-Generation Wireless > For Internal Use

Communications
• The waveform of the FBMC sub-carrier is more gradual than the square wave of OFDM.
 The FBMC signal has much less out-of-band energy leakage than OFDM, and thus has
higher spectrum efficiency.
• The FBMC technology separates sub-carriers through filters:
 The time-frequency orthogonality can be achieved without cycle prefix (CP) protection,
and the efficiency and the degrees of freedom in the time domain are high.
 As an access technology for the multi-user scenario, FBMC has a lower requirement on
synchronous access and does not require the latencies of users to be within the same
CP, thus having a better performance.
• FBMC can match different time-frequency dispersive channels through shaping filters.
 Optimal performance under the time-frequency dispersive channel can be achieved
with the FBMC technology.
OFDM
FBMC

Spectrums of OFDM and FBMC

FBMC Technology
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 FBMC VS OFDM There
Thereare
ininthe
arelarge
largesidelobes
sidelobeson onthe
> For Internal Use
thesquare
squarewave
wave
thetime
timedomain
domainofofOFDM,
OFDM,whichwhichmeans
means
Rectangular that:
Domain of Integration Domain of Integration that:
Window  The out-of-band energy leakage of the
Integral Period Non-Integral Period The out-of-band energy leakage of the
T signal
Sub-carrier 0 signalisishigh.
high.
 More guard band is needed and the
More guard band is needed and the
degrees
degreesofoffreedom
freedomininthe
thefrequency
frequency
Sub-carrier 1 domain should be sacrificed.
domain should be sacrificed.
OFDM
FBMC
Sub-carrier 2
Add CP Frequency Shift
Inevitable
InevitableICI ICIunder
underdispersion
dispersionininthe
the
Sub-carrier 3
frequency
frequency domain, for example, theDoppler
domain, for example, the Doppler
Effect
Effectororfrequency
frequencydeviation
deviation
When
WhenOFDM
OFDMisisused,
used,CPCPshould
shouldbebeadded
addedtotoensure
ensurethat
thatsub-carriers
sub-carriers
are
are orthogonal under the delay dispersive channel, which meansthat:
orthogonal under the delay dispersive channel, which means that:
 The degrees of freedom in the time domain are sacrificed.
The degrees of freedom in the time domain are sacrificed.
 OFDMA causes unsynchronized user signals, resulting in serious
OFDMA causes unsynchronized user signals, resulting in serious
inter-user
inter-userinterference.
interference.
Impulse response of the prototype filter p(t)
The square wave is turned to a waveform that is more gradual.
The square wave is turned to a waveform that is more gradual.
 The out-of-band energy leakage of the signal is greatly reduced and
 The out-of-band energy leakage of the signal is greatly reduced and
the spectrum efficiency is improved.
the spectrum efficiency is improved.
Sub-carriers can be separated by filters
Sub-carriers can be separated by filters
 The time-frequency orthogonality can be achieved without CP
 The time-frequency orthogonality can be achieved without CP
protection, and the efficiency and the degrees of freedom in the time
protection, and the efficiency and the degrees of freedom in the time
domain are high.
domain are high.
During multi-user access, FBMC has a lower requirement on
During multi-user access, FBMC has a lower requirement on
synchronous access, thus having a better performance.
synchronous access, thus having a better performance.

FBMC can match different time-frequency dispersive channels through

FBMC can match different time-frequency dispersive channels through
shaping filters.
FBMC Technology shaping filters.
 Optimal performance under the time-frequency dispersive channel
 Optimal performance under the time-frequency dispersive channel
can be achieved
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 > For Internal Use

Applicable Scenarios for FBMC

• Features high spectrum efficiency and little out-of-band leakage:

 Applicable to the cognitive radio (CR) technology

• Separates sub-carriers through filters, and does not require the

latencies of users to be within the same CP:
 Applicable to be used as the solution for uplink multiple access

• Matches different time-frequency dispersive channels through

shaping filters:
 Applicable to the time-frequency dispersive channel. Optimal
performance under the time-frequency dispersive channel can be
flexibly achieved.

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 > For Internal Use

Problems of FBMC
• It is more complicated to implement FBMC than OFDM
 FBMC can be implemented based on polyphase filters to reduce the
complexity.

• FBMC is not feasible to work together with MIMO

 FBMC is difficult to work together with Alamouti Tx diversity.
Complicated pre-processing is needed and performance is inevitably
reduced.
 When FBMC works together with the spatial multiplexing technology,
MMSE demodulation can be performed, but demodulation of
maximum likelihood classification is not easy to be performed, for
example, sphere decoding or demodulation with iterative detection
cannot be performed for FBMC-MIMO
 FBMC can work together with the latency Tx diversity technology, but
Viterbi sequence detection needs to be included, thus increasing the
complexity and reducing the performance.

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 > For Internal Use

ZTE’s Experience in FBMC

• Polyphase filter based FBMC solutions.
 Low complexity
 Secured time-frequency orthogonality
• Peak-to-average ratio estimation platform for FBMC
• Performance simulation platform for FBMC
• Further study on FBMC serving as the solution for cognitive radio (CR)
• Further study on FBMC serving as the solution for uplink multiple access
• Further study on how to design the FBMC filter under the time-frequency
dispersive channel
• Further study on the FBMC-MIMO solutions

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 > For Internal Use

FBMC Study Topics

• Improve the theory of how to design an optimal filter under the time-
frequency dispersive channel

• Design a flexible and efficient FBMC-based CR system

• Design a flexible and efficient FBMC-based multiple access system

• Design a flexible and efficient FBMC-MIMO system

• Deliver a simple and efficient FBMC balancing solution

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Contents

 Overall Trend in the Industry

 Driving Forces, Strategies and Challenges
 Key Fields of Study on 5G
 5G Spectrum Efficiency
 Evolution of the 5G Network Architecture
 Massive MIMO
 Radio Transmission Technologies
 UDN
 Large-Scale M2M
 Conclusion
 Discussion

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From Applications to Scenarios to KPIs
> For Internal Use

Common basic KPIs:

 30-meter radius of a single cell
 100 – 200 users How to deploy UDN is of the top
 1Gbps effective commercial priority.
Should outdoor sites and outdoor
Assumptions of basic requirements for 5G throughput rate coverage with wireless indoor
 100Gbps regional backhaul backhaul be considered?
 1000 X higher mobile data volume per area bandwidth
 10-100 X user data rate
Ultra-dense 5G coverage should
 10-100 X higher number of connected devices
 10 X longer battery lifespan be applied to typical Shopping Street /
 5 X reduced End-to-End latency Large
scenarios Leisure Square
Shops along
Commercial
the Street
Plaza

Metro

Airport/Stadium

Ultra-dense and
overlapped coverage
of as many as 5*20 DAS likelihood
cells deployment
 How to get Good user Built and managed by
approval from the experience multiple operators??
property owner is with no
the key perception of
 How to derive new fragmented
commercial time is the key.
models

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 What 5G UDN Needs?
Support of underlying technologies
 Dynamic spectrum (including unauthorized spectrums)
sharing/convergence to meet the need for high bandwidth;
 Dynamic TDD technologies to respond to data burst in
random directions
 The integration of LTE and WiFi is an option.
×
Just only
 Multi-antenna arrays, selective sending/receiving, MU-MIMO
 Enhanced frame structure (especially the unauthorized) and
adaptive link transmission technologies
Solutions for large-scale networking
 New network architecture featuring super cell clusters,

√
separation of control over CP and UP, and service type based
mobility management for multiple connections.
 Differentiated anchor (GW) locations and network
virtualization
 Detection, avoidance, control and coordination of macro-
micro and micro-micro interference between different
frequencies.
+ +
 Simplified deployment and OAM, enhanced SON and
appropriate performance
 Flexible and configurable set of backhaul solutions
Evidence of the value in the market 5G UDN is not simply the production of the Small
 Quality services with low communication cost and the Cell device. Instead, integrated solutions should be
consideration of new business models and clients are the proposed according to different scenarios to provide
keys to increasing the value in the market. Attention should small cell devices together with gateways that are
be paid to the location-based service platform, IT-based
deployed at the edge of the network and to
Internet platform services, and DPI-based pipe services with
differentiated QoS. coordinate with the back-end cloud-based network.
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Key Technologies for UDN

Architecture Evolution Technologies for the Radio Interfaces

 Dynamic TDD technologies
 Self-adaptive configurations for radio interfaces (including
 Convergence with the local network (WiFi)
frame format, carrier interval, TTI, bandwidth, etc)
 Umbrella-shaped deployment (macro cell + micro cell) or  Transmission mechanisms based on services and small data
cluster-shaped deployment (micro cell + D2D)
packets
 Centralized or distributed flexible management of SON  New multiple access technologies: NOMA/FMBC/MC-CDMA
 Multi-hop co-channel backhaul technologies  Interference-based collision detection, capture, interference
 Interference monitoring and resource scheduling in cancellation, and enhanced random access
spectrum sharing  Self-adaptive iterative coding and modulation / HARQ /
Enhanced RRM / MAC supporting wireless backhaul
 Advanced transmitter design (FDD/TDD, full-duplex TDD)

MIMO, Interference, and Coordination Services, Interfaces and Mobility

 Study on the performance of Massive MIMO in 11
composite scenarios, of which one is related to UDN  Auxiliary information based management (positioning)
 Study on the new inter-site coordination in 12 scenarios, all  Big-data user behavior analysis and forecast
of which are related to UDN
 Intelligent mobility and handover management and forecast
 Dynamic TDD timeslot allocation and interference
prediction and avoidance under the centralized or  Intelligent network selection
distributed network architecture  Enable/Disable (ON/OFF) user perception-based serving cell
 Coordination of and control over interference under the  Design of new interfaces for virtual operators
dual-connection and clustering mechanism
 Discovery of shadow cells, service and interference based
triggering and self-management

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New Network Architecture Featuring Super Cells
&Study
Separation of CPUP & Multiple Connections
on the technologies for separating the control Trend
plane and the user plane, as well as virtualized  The user plane of the CN is deployed on routers or
connectivity based on the Super Cell architecture; Small Cells.
Study on mobility under the super cell architecture, as  The management and control functionalities of the
well as how to weaken Small Cell’s dependence on CN are separated; Cloud-based management plane;
macro cells. virtualized control plane; autonomous anchors
Functionalities:
 Local
OpenFlow
(SDN)
NF  Local
V WebChahe
(CDN)
 DPI
 Local SON
 Mobility
Management
 Centralized
Scheduling
 PDCP
Encryption
 etc

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 Inter-Frequency Multi-RAN Interference
Suppression and Coordination Scheduling
 Bandwidth self-adaptation – frequency domain
 Directional multi-antenna selection diversity – spatial domain Number
user1 user2
of Users
 Self-optimization of power coverage f
user1
 Enable/Disable cell self-adaptation f
Service user2
 Service-based mobility management user1

f
(The remain camped and roaming handover control
functionalities may be more important than the handover Inter-cell user1
Interference
support functionality.) f
 CoMP-NIC, Inter-BS MIMO
 Interference control mechanism for the control plane – NCT
 Advance receiver NAICS
off

data1

data2

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Integration with WiFi - CAs in multiple standards are used to improve
the system capacity.
- The NMS and management NEs of WLAN are
integrated.
t he r - Mobility is guaranteed by the wireless network.
as rrie
N a - Services are converged seamlessly, authorized
LA al C
W tu and non-authorized frequency bands can be
r
Vi switched over in real time, and operator
networks and enterprise/government networks
E
S2a/S2b/S2c LT can be deployed flexibly.
N le
LA ltip ions
MAPCON/IFOM

W u ct
M e
onn
ANDSF C

d r
f l oa se
Of ut U ion
o t User Plane Control Plane
i th cep
w er
EAP-SIM/AKA
MAC Authentication
P
Non Super
Cell
n
t io Networking
a r
ntic Use
e
uth out tion
A ith ep
w erc
P
Super Cell
Networking

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 Applicable Scenarios and the Corresponding
> For Internal Use

Requirements for MMC

Scenario 2:
Scenario 1: Telemedicine Scenario 3: Smart Grid
Smart Transportation

1) Mobility: On-board or low mobility 1) Mobility: On-board 1) Mobility: Low mobility

2) Large quantity 2) Extremely large quantity 2) Large quantity
3) Ultra-low latency (1ms) 3) Low latency (<5ms) 3) Very low latency (1ms)
4) Small data traffic (1KB/day/device) 4) Small data traffic 4) Small data traffic (1KB/day/device)
5) Reliability: Very high (1KB/byte/day/device) 5) Reliability: Very high, self-healing
6) Power consumption: Low 5) Reliability: High network
7) Security: Very high 6) Power consumption: Low 6) Power consumption: Very low
8) Scenario: Implantable sensors 7) Security: Very high 7) Security: Very high
with ultra-low energy consumption 8 ） Scenario: High-density and 8) Scenario: Radio coverage in
large-data-traffic traffic jams unpopulated areas

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 Applicable Scenarios and the Corresponding > For Internal Use

Requirements for MMC

Scenario 4: Scenario 6:
Ultra-dense communication Scenario 5: Smart Home Public Security Assistance

1) Mobility: Low mobility 1) Mobility: Low mobility 1) Mobility: On-board or low mobility
2) Extremely large quantity 2) Large quantity 2) Large quantity
3) Low latency (<10ms) 3) Low latency (<10ms) 3) Very low latency (1ms)
4) Small and large data traffic 4) Small and large data traffic 4) Small and large data traffic
5) Reliability: Very high 5) Reliability: High / Very high (security 5) Reliability: Very high
6) Power consumption: Low and protection) 6) Power consumption: Very low
7) Security: High 6) Power consumption: Low 7) Security: Very high
8) Scenario: Unicast, multicast 7) Security: Very high 8) Scenario: Emergencies
8) Scenario: Ad-hoc networks with the
self healing capability

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35
 Applicable Scenarios and the Corresponding > For Internal Use

Requirements for MMC

Scenario 7: Smart Industry Scenario 8: Smart Agriculture Scenario 9: Smart Logistics

1) Mobility: Low mobility 1) Mobility: Low mobility 1) Mobility: On-board

2) Extremely large quantity 2) Extremely large quantity 2) Extremely large quantity
3) Extremely low latency (<1ms) 3) Low latency (<10ms) 3) Low latency (10ms)
4) Small and large data traffic 4) Small data 4) Small data
5) Reliability: Very high 5) Reliability: High 5) Reliability: High
6) Power consumption: Very low 6) Power consumption: Very low 6) Power consumption: Very low
(wireless cameras) 7) Security: High (e-ID)
7) Security: Very high 8) Scenario: Farmlands with 7) Security: High
8) Scenario: Poor coverage, concurrent data 8) Scenario: High density in
frequent data transmission some areas

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36
 > For Internal Use

Technical Challenges to the MMC System in 5G

Requirement Challenges

1 Energy saving Electricity consumption of the terminal:

Connected mode: 0.015uj/bit (data rate 1kbps), >1 Week;
Idle mode: >10 week;
Sleep mode: >5 years.
Different radio technologies and distances lead to different electricity
consumption.
Electricity consumption of the system:
Lower than the existing system with the same system capacity
2 Network access Access capability of nodes:
capabilities 300000 terminals per node
Access capability of dense areas:
More than 10 terminals per m2
3 Access of Success rate of concurrent access >99.9%
massive Block rate of concurrent transmission <0.1%
terminals

4 Network Coverage rate: 99.9%

coverage rate

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 > For Internal Use

Technical Challenges to the MMC System in 5G

Requirement Challenges

5 Reliability Common cases: 99.9% reliable transmission

Special cases: 99.99% reliable transmission (medical care,
security, and smart industry)

6 Latency Common cases: transmission latency <10ms;

Special cases: transmission latency <1ms (medical care,
security, smart industry, and smart grid)

7 Transmission Ratio of signaling overhead to the total traffic: <=20%;

efficiency Supported transport: small data transmission, large-capacity
data transmission

8 Cost Terminal: far lower than that of the competing terminals

System: lower than that of the existing system

9 Security Terminal access security: 100% identification of pseudo

terminals
Data transport security: link encryption, and data encryption
Network defense security: Anti-attack security level is higher
than that of the existing network.
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 > For Internal Use

Features of MMC Services

 Large quantity – More than 50 billion terminals access the network (how to allocate
network resources should be considered)

 High density – More than 300,000 terminals access the network from each access point

 Wide coverage – MMC services are widely used in a variety of industries.

– MMC terminals are widely distributed.

 Low mobility – Majority of users are low-mobility users.

 Small data – Most of the MMC services require small data traffic and low bandwidth

 High QoS requirement – MMC services (for example, telemedicine, finance, and
surveillance) have a higher requirement on QoS.

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 > For Internal Use

MMC System Architectures

 Macro cell based architecture
 In the existing network architecture, MMC terminals are directly connected to the
existing RAN. On the CN side, an MMC server is added for authentication and charging.

 Gateway based architecture

 An MMC gateway is added for collecting, converging and forwarding data to higher-
level MMC nodes or to remote-end users.

 Gateway + control platform based architecture

 An MMC gateway is added, which has part of the app layer (intermediate data platform)
function, for processing the collected data and then forwarding the data to higher-level
MMC nodes or to remote-end users.

 Mesh network architecture

 Is the mesh network architecture applicable to the scenarios without macro cell
coverage (for example, transmission lines, or pipes that usually span hundreds or
thousands of kilometers)? Is there any alternatives that are more efficient and at a low
cost?

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 High Reliability
 99.9%, 99.99% or even more highly reliable transmission for medical care,
production and security
 Self-adaptation and high-reliability radio transmission technologies
 Automatic discovery of the optimal air transmission links
 Reliable uplink/downlink connectivity
 Provides highly-reliable network connectivity, timely alarms on disconnection, and alarm
clearance
 Downlink: Even if the terminal is not connected to the application server, the application server
can still establish communication with the terminal through the network.
 Uplink: Terminals in detached or idle mode can establish communication with the application
server and send data at any time.
 Redundant design, link backup
 Network’s capability of self healing after links are faulty: Applicable to the security
network and smart grid

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 Access and data transmission of a huge number of terminals
 Congestion during terminal access and data transmission in the concurrent access
scenario and in highly-dense areas
 In industry, agriculture or logistics, when a large number of devices (several or a dozen per m 2) in
some areas send data simultaneously within a short time period, no access or transmission
congestion should occur in the network.
 The devices used for industry or logistics refresh data frequently, and they are densely distributed in
some areas (several or a dozen per m2). Therefore, no transmission congestion should occur on the
user plane of the network.
 Shortage of terminal IDs
 Unified MMC terminal IDs
 Resolution and mapping of MMC terminal IDs
 Peak traffic of high-traffic data flows when terminals send/receive data simultaneously

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 Low Power Consumption
 According to METIS, the lifespan of terminal batteries should be 5 years or the power consumption
should be 0.015uj/bit. Moreover, implantable micro devices have a higher requirement on low power
consumption.
 Energy-efficient transmission: Sensors, cameras and RFIDs used in industry have higher
transmission frequencies, but they should also consume as little energy as possible.
 Energy-efficient standby/monitoring mode: How to monitor the control information with even lower
energy consumption when there is no data transmission?
 After the wireless charging technology is well developed, the problems of sensor charging in some
scenarios can be addressed.
 Meet the needs for long-distance transmission, appropriate bandwidth, and long standby time and
low power consumption in specific areas.
 Optimize the hardware system, operating system, and Tx/Rx power of the terminal, prolong the
standby time, and develop solutions for energy conservation.
 Optimize the system energy-saving solutions:
 Dynamically adjust the Tx/Rx power;
 Dynamically switch the sleep/active modes
 Dynamically adjust the working bandwidth

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 Wide Coverage
 The coverage rate reaches 99.9%. Terminals can access the network anywhere at any time.
 Multiple wireless access technologies are supported in remote areas, including WiFi, Bluetooth,
WLAN.
 The D2D technology can be used.
 Multiple wireless LANs and heterogeneous networks are included in the coverage areas.
 Identification and conversion of multiple communication protocols and network identities are
supported.
 Sensors can be connected to the network in the areas without macro cell coverage, for example,
waters, mountains, farmlands, transmission lines, and pipes.
 Sensors and actuators (for example, sensors on pipes or monitors on transmission lines) in wild
areas: It is not suitable to deploy access hotspots in these areas due to the small number of
devices, wide range, and high cost.
 Sensors and actuators in agriculture: lack of management, broad area, densely distributed, large
quantity

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 High Transmission Efficiency
 Support small data transmission, which can be handled directly by RAN/CN.
 Support large-capacity data transmission.
 Optimize signaling consumption, and minimize the control plane overhead:
 The size of data packets sent by sensors or actuators is small. If the transmission link needs to be
established every time the data is sent, too much control signaling is consumed, greatly reducing
the spectrum efficiency. A solution that is more effective than the one specified in 3GPP R12 small
data (MTC SI) is needed to lower the signaling overhead.
 The backhaul performance of the mesh network architecture is improved, thus avoiding the
decrease of the transmission performance caused by multiple hops.
 For sensors used on transmission lines or pipes (which usually span hundreds or thousands of
kilometers), if the mesh network architecture is used, there are too many hops, creating big
challenges to the latency and throughput of the backhaul.
 Analyze terminal behaviors, distinguish terminals that send/receive data periodically from those
do not, and handle them with different signaling procedures to reduce network congestion.

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 Time Tolerant (Super Real Time)
 Super-real-time transmission requirements:
 Smart grid/Smart industry: Super-real-time transmission from the areas without macro cell
coverage to the remote end (transmission in the multi-hop network or the ad-hoc network)
 Smart transportation: Super-real-time transmission between vehicles, between vehicles and
stations by the roadside, and between vehicles and on-board radio within a certain area (at a
range of 120 meters).
 Telemedicine (for example, telesurgery): Super-real-time end-to-end transmission in the radio
access network and the fixed network
 Support low-latency (<1ms) transmission according to business situations
 How to achieve super-real-time transmission:
 Fastest routing (the SDN technology is used on the CN side)
 Local discovery and local routing
 Self-adaptation and high-reliability radio transmission technologies
 Automatic discovery of the optimal air transmission links

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 > For Internal Use

Key Technologies and Study Topics

 Low Cost
 Reduced Tx/Rx power
 Single antenna
 Design of narrow working bandwidth (for terminals with the small data feature)
 Single application
 Support for simple protocols

 High Security
 Authentication of terminal IDs to stop pseudo terminals from accessing the network
 Reliable end-to-end data security to ensure the integrity and confidentiality of the data
 Resistant to highly aggressive network attacks

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 > For Internal Use

Conclusion

 At present, 5G is still in the stage of market demand collection and

technical potential study. No definitive solutions have been created
globally for 5G technologies, and practitioners are competing with
each other on this now.

 The emergence of the Mobile Internet and M2M creates five technical
challenges.

 The demand-driven increase of the spectrum efficiency has triggered

a full range of technical evolution from the network architecture to
radio transmission, to meet the needs of the information community
for a user-experience-centric 5G network in the future.

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