Chapter 3 Part 2 Superstructures
Chapter 3 Part 2 Superstructures
Chapter 3 Part 2 Superstructures
SUPER STRUCTURE
Part 2
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Content
Column
Wall
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Superstructure
Column
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Column
Definition:
Column is a vertical pillar free from all sides taking the loads of
beam, slab etc. and transfers these loads independently to the
foundation then to earth.
Column usually constructed using steel bars and concrete.
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Construction Process of Column
The process of construction is as the following:
Starter bar
Casting
for column
foundations
must be laid
/footings.
vertically
before casting
foundations
Fix required
Cast concrete
formwork for
then remove
column
formwork of
column
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Column
Column can be constructed in many shapes such as square, round,
diamond, triangle or combination of any shape as designed by the
architect.
alignment and orientation of column can be either vertical or arch.
height of column depend on structure and architect drawing.
In column construction, the set numbers of formwork must be properly
planed by considering the recycle concept, time and cost saving.
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Column
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Column Architecture Shapes
Column arch
tilted column
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Example of RC Column Design
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Example of Steel Column Design
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Column Formwork
Column
Timber
Formwork
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Superstructure:
Walls
1. What is wall ?
2. What are the functional requirements of the wall?
3. Explain briefly about Load Bearing Wall and
Non-Load Bearing Wall
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Walls
wall is a continuous vertical structure,
which is thin relatively to its length and
height.
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Walls
Framed
A frame wall is constructed from a frame of
small sections of timber, concrete or metal
joined together to provide strength and rigidity.
Over both faces or between the members of the
frame are fixed thin panels of some material to
fulfill the functional requirements of wall.
Another popular construction practice is Frame
construction i.e. beam column construction.
The walls required to fill the space between
beams and columns are termed as infill walls.
They are also treated as non-load bearing wall.
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Walls Functional Requirements
Strength
and
stability
Fire
Aesthetics
safety
Durability
Resistance Functional and freedom
to passage
of heat Requirements from
maintenance
Resistance Resistance
to airbone to weather
and impact and ground
sound moisture
Security
Types of Walls
There are two basic design concepts for walls:
Load Bearing Walls Non-load Bearing Walls
those which accept and transmit structural which support only their own self-weight and do
loads to the foundations not accept any structural loads such as Partitions.
Walls
Load Bearing Wall
• Walls that must support the dead load of their own weight and the
weight of subsequent bearing structural members placed upon them.
• In addition, load bearing walls must be capable to carry the load of "live"
loads that are anticipated to be placed upon the system without
deflection that can degrade or negatively impact structural integrity.
Functional requirements
Stability
Solid wall/bricks/blocks should be at least as thick as 1/16 of the
storey height
Cavity wall should have at least 90mm thick and the cavity at least
50mm thick.
Non Load Bearing Wall
A non-load bearing wall is a wall that does not support any gravity
loads from the building, hence does not bear any weight besides
its own.
Non load bearing walls do not support the weight of the roof.
Any wall that runs parallel with roof joists is non load bearing.
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Non load bearing Wall
Both, load bearing
and non-load
bearing walls may
face lateral
loading such as
wind loads and
seismic loads.
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Other types of wall:
Party Wall
The main types of party walls are:
a wall that stands on the lands of 2 (or
more) owners and forms part of a building
- this wall can be part of one building only
or separate buildings and belonging to
different owners
a wall that stands on the lands of 2
owners but is not part of a building, such
as a garden wall but not including timber
fences
a wall that is on one owner’s land but is
used by 2 (or more) owners to separate
their buildings
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Party Wall
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Other types of wall:
Shear Wall
Shear walls are vertical elements
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Shear Wall
•Shear walls must provide the
necessary lateral strength to
resist horizontal earthquake
forces.
•When shear walls are strong
enough, they will transfer
these horizontal forces to the
next element in the load path
below them.
•These other components in
the load path may be other
shear walls, floors, foundation
walls, slabs or footings.
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Shear Wall
•Shear walls also provide lateral
stiffness to prevent the roof or floor
above from excessive side-sway.
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Shear Wall Wood
Studs with
plywood
Reinforced Metal
2 Wythe Studs with
brick wall plywood
Types of
Shear
Wall
Un- Reinforced
reinforced Concrete
brick wall Wall
Reinforced
CMU Wall
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Reinforced Concrete Wall
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Wood Studs with plywood
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Metal Studs with plywood
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Reinforced CMU Wall
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Un-reinforced brick wall
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Reinforced 2 Wythe brick wall
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