N

W E
S
MINERALS AND
ENERGY
RESOURCES
CHAPTER 5
BY-DEVDAN MAHATO
We start our day with minerals:-
Silica
Limestone
Aluminium oxide
Fluoride
Titanium oxide
Mica
petroleum
 Naturally occurring substances having a definite
chemical composition and physical
characteristics.
 Homogenous, naturally occurring substance with

a definable internal structure.

 Occurs in the form of ores, deposits, rocks.

 Rocks are made up of minerals.

 Example- Iron, Bauxite,Calcium,Copper etc,.
HOW ARE MINERALS CLASSIFIED?
ON THE BASIS OF

COLOUR
HARDNESS
CRYSTAL
FORMS
DENSITY
LUSTRE
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
MODE OF OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS
Where are the minerals found?
 Minerals are usually found in ores and therefore are
extracted from it.
 Ore refers to an accumulation of any mineral mixed

with other elements

 They occur in rocks.
 OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS

1. As veins and lodes in Igneous and Metamorphic

Rocks
2. In beds or layers in Sedimentary Rocks
3. Residual mass of weathered material
4. Alluvial deposits or placer deposits in valley
floors
5.In ocean waters
 Minerals occur in cracks, crevices, faults or joints.
 The smaller occurrences are called veins

 Lodes are the larger occurrences.

 Metallic minerals such as tin,

copper, zinc and lead etc. are obtained

from veins and lodes.
 Minerals occur in beds and layers.
Formed as a result of deposition,

accumulation and concentration in

horizontal strata.
 Example– Gypsum, potash salt

and Sodium Salt.

Formed as a result of evaporation

 Upper part of the rocks are removed due to
decomposition and weathering.
 Removal of soluble constituents of rocks leaves

residue of weathered materials containing ores.

 Example- Bauxite
  In sands of valley floors and base
of hills. These deposits are called ‘placer
deposits’

contains minerals, which are not corroded by water.

 Examples-Gold, silver, tin and platinum

 OCEAN
 Dissolved and defused in ocean water
 Examples- Common Salt, Magnesium , Bromine.
 Found in ocean beds- Manganese ore
  FERROUS MINERALS
 These minerals have iron content

 Used in metallurgical industry

 Account for about three fourths of the total value of the

production of metallic minerals.

 Iron Ore
 India is rich in good quality iron ores.
 Magnetite

• finest iron ore

• very high iron content (70%)
• High magnetic qualities
• valuable in the electrical industry.

 Hematite ore
• Most important iron ore in terms of the
quantity used
• Lower iron content than magnetite. (50-60%).
 Odisha-Jharkhand belt:
 Odisha -high grade hematite ore is found in Badampahar.
mines in the Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts.
 Jharkhand- Hematite iron ore is mined in Gua and
Noamundi in
Singbhum district.

 • Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt
 lies in Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra.
 Very high grade hematite are found in the
Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar
district.
 Iron ore from these mines is exported to
 Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru-Tumakuru belt in
Karnataka
 has large reserves of iron ore.
 Kudremukh deposits are one of the largest in the world.
 The ore is transported as slurry through a pipeline to a port near
Mangaluru.

 Maharashtra-Goa belt
 Includes the state of Goa and Ratnagiri district of
Maharashtra.
 Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port.
MAJOR IRON BELTS IN INDIA
 MANGANESE

 Used in the manufacturing of steel and ferro-manganese alloy.

 Used in manufacturing bleaching powder, insecticides and

paints.
 10 kg of manganese is required to manufacture one tonne of

steel
 Odisha is the largest producer of manganese

ores in India.
 It accounted for one-third of the country’s total production in

2000-01.
 Production of Manganese showing state-
wise share in per cent, 2018–19

Andhra
Others
Pradesh
2 %
10 %

Karnataka

12 %

Madhya

Pradesh

33 %

Odisha

16 %

Maharashtra

27 %
 Include copper, bauxite, lead, zinc and gold
 Vital role in a number of metallurgical, engineering and

electrical industries.

 COPPER
 Malleable, ductile and a good conductor
 Used in electrical cables, electronics and chemical

industries.
 Producers- Balaghat mines (Madhya Pradesh), Khetri

mines (Rajasthan) & Singhbhum district (Jharkhand )

Distribution of Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite and Mica
 BAUXITE
 Aluminium is obtained from Bauxite
Formed by the decomposition of a wide variety of rocks rich in
aluminium silicates.
 Aluminium -light in weight and has good conductivity

& great malleability.

 Used in automobile, aerospace & packaging industries.
 Producers- Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, the plateau
region of Bilaspur-Katni , Panchpatmali deposits in
Koraput (Odisha).
 Mica
 It is mineral made up of a series of plates or
leaves. clear, black, green, red yellow or brown in
color.
 They are ductile, has insulating properties, resistance to
high voltage.
 Used in electric and electronic industries.

 Producers –
 Northern edge of the Chota Nagpur plateau,
Ajmer(Rajasthan), Nellore mica belt (Andhra Pradesh).
Koderma Gaya – Hazaribagh belt (Jharkhand ) is
the leading producer),.
 Limestone
 Occurs in rocks composed of calcium carbonates or calcium
and magnesium carbonates.
 found in sedimentary rocks

Uses-
 Basic raw material for the cement industry

 Essential for smelting iron ore in the blast furnace

What are the harmful effects of mining?
 Pollution- dumping of wastes leads to soil pollution

- Dust & noise produced during the process of

extraction causes air pollution and noise pollution
respectively.
 Pulmonary diseases- caused by inhaling the fumes and

dust.
 Displacement of people

 Deforestation

 Loss of habitat

 Risk of collapsing the mine roof

 Threats of fires in coal mine

Why?
 Finite & limited
 Slow geological process of formation
 Non- renewable
 Quality of minerals degrade & decrease along greater
depth
 Extraction of high grade minerals leads to their depletion
 Sustainable development
 Judicious use & extraction

 Recycling of minerals

 Using substitutes of minerals

 Efficient & improved technology that cause less

waste and incur low cost.

 Use scrap metals and other substitutes
 Energy - generated from fuel minerals like coal, petroleum,
natural gas, uranium and from electricity.
 Classified as -
a)Conventional – Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas etc,.
b)Nonconventional sources- Wind energy, Tidal energy,
Solar energy, Geothermal energy, Atomic, Biogas etc,.
 COAL
 Bulky material
 loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
 used for power generation, to supply energy to industry
as well as for domestic needs..
 heavy industries and thermal power stations are located on
or near the coalfields
 India is highly dependent on coal for meeting its commercial
energy requirements

TYPES-
 LIGNITE:
 Low grade brown coal,
 Soft with high moisture content.
 Coal reserves in Neyveli (Tamil Nadu) )
 used for generation of electricity.
 BITUMINOUS COAL
 buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures.
 It is the most popular coal in
commercial use.
Metallurgical coal is high grade
bituminous coal which is used for
smelting iron in blast furnaces.

 ANTHRACITE
 Highest quality hard coal.

 PEAT
 Formed due to decaying of plants in
swamps
 low carbon, high moisture contents &
Regions
 The major resources of Gondwana coal,
(metallurgical coal), are located in
Damodar valley (West Bengal-Jharkhand).
 Jharia, Raniganj, Bokaro are important

 coalfields.

 The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha valleys also

contain coal deposits.

 Tertiary coals (55 million old) occur in the north eastern states

of Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal

Pradesh and Nagaland.
COAL FIELDS OF INDIA
 Provides fuel for heat and lighting, lubricants for machinery and
raw materials for a number of manufacturing industries.
 Petroleum refineries act as a “nodal industry” for synthetic
textile, fertilizer and numerous chemical industries.
 found in fault traps between porous and non-porous rocks.
 Gas, being lighter usually occurs above the oil.

Producers-
 Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat.
 Assam - Digboi,Naharkatiya and Moran-Hugrijan
 Mumbai High produces 63% of petroleum in India.
 Clean energy resource, environment friendly fuel
 Low carbon dioxide emissions.
 Used as CNG in vehicles.
 Used as a source of energy as well as raw material in
the petrochemical industry.

Producers – Krishna-Godavari basin.

 Mumbai High

 Gulf of Cambay.

 Andaman and Nicobar islands

 Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur is the longest (1700km)

pipeline that transports natural gas from Hazira in Gujarat to

Jagdishpur in UP.
 Hydro electricity
 Generated through fast flowing water.
 Multi-purpose projects like the Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley
corporation, the Kopili Hydel Project etc. produce
hydroelectric power.

 Thermal electricity
 Generated by using coal, petroleum and natural gas.
 There are over 310 thermal power plants in India.
 NUCLEAR OR ATOMIC ENERGY
 obtained by altering the structure of atoms.
 used to generate electric power.
 Uranium and Thorium, which are available in Jharkhand, Rajasthan
& Monazite sands of Kerala are used for generating nuclear power.

 SOLAR ENERGY
 Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight into electrical energy.
 Largest solar plant of India is located at Madhapur near Bhuj in
Gujarat.
 WIND ENERGY
 Largest wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from
Nagarcoil to Madurai
 Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, Kerala, Maharashtra and Lakshadweep have
important wind farms.
 Nagarcoil and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy.
 BIOGAS
 Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce
biogas for domestic consumption in rural areas.
 Decomposition of organic matter yield gas, which has high
thermal efficiency
 Improves the quality of manure and prevents the loss of trees &

manure due to burning of fuel wood and cow dung cakes.

 TIDAL ENERGY
 Floodgate dams are build across inlets to use ocean tides to
generate electricity.
 A 900 mw tidal energy power plant is set up at Gulf of Kuchchh
by the National Hydropower Corporation.

 GEO THERMAL ENERGY

 The heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the
interior is called Geo Thermal Energy.
 The steam rising from earth’s surface due to the heating is used to generate
electricity.
 One such project is located in the Parvati valley near Manikarn in
Himachal Pradesh and the other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh .
 How?
• Increase the use of renewable sources of
energy
• Use public transport system instead of
individual vehicles
• Switch off electricity when not in use
• Use power saving devices
• Use non conventional sources of energy