SCHEDULED WASTE

RECOVERY TECHNOLOGY
IN MALAYSIA
Manufacturing and Industrial Technology (ME)

MBOT ThursWeb 2023

21 DECEMBER 2023 Ts. Azlan Ahmad

Director
LIVE STREAMING
Hazardous Substances Division
Department of Environment, Putrajaya
azlan@doe.gov.my
Kementerian Sumber Asli
dan Kelestarian Alam

Jabatan Alam Sekitar

VISION, MISSION AND MOTTO

VISION MISSION MOTTO

Environmental To ensure sustainable
Environment is our
conservation for the development inside the
shared responsibility
welfare of the people process of advancing the
country
DOE
DOE is to administer and enforce Environmental
FUNCTION Quality Act 1974

Administer and enforce Promote

• 22 Regulations • Related SDGs

• 15 Orders • Sustainable environment
• 2 Rules • Significant environment
• Part IV Exclusive days
Economic Zone Act, • Rakan Alam Sekitar
1984 (RAS), Debat Alam
Sekitar, Sekolah Lestari
 ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT 1974 (EQA 1974)

An Act relating to 1 AIR EMISSION WATER POLLUTION 2

the prevention,
abatement, control of
pollution and
enhancement of the
environment, and for
purposes connected
therewith
4
3 SCHEDULED WASTES EIA DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT PROJECTS
 POLLUTION SOURCES ENFORCED UNDER EQA 1974
417 472 54

Licensed Premises
(Recovery, Treatment and Licensed Premises Licensed Premises
Disposal of Scheduled Wastes) (Oil Palm) (Rubber)

1,035 56,366 27,422,216

Premises Not
EIA Development
Licensed by DOE Motor Vehicles
Projects
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SCHEDULED WASTES MANAGEMENT
- WASTE HIERARCHY
waste reduction,
Reduction waste minimization

CRADLE TO CRADLE
Environmental Sound Management (ESM) Re-use
waste utilization,
waste to energy

ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY ACT, 1974

Recycling

}
4R
resource recovery

Recovery
Disposal & Treatment

Pre-Treatment: Secured

CRADLE TO GRAVE
Incineration/ PCT/ Disposal /
solidification Environmentally
Friendly

Landfill
 Scheduled Scheduled
Waste. SW Waste. SW
Indicator:

SW
Waste Generator
Residue
CRADLE TO GRAVE Prescribed
vehicle

Treatment / Recovery Facility

Final Disposal
 Scheduled
Scheduled Waste, SW
Waste, SW Indicator:

SW
Waste Generator
CRADLE TO CRADLE

Residue

Manufacturing Prescribed
Industry / Treatment vehicle
Facility / Recovery
Facility
Manufacturing
Industry /
Treatment Facility/
Recovery Facility

Manufacturing
Industry /
Treatment Facility/
Recovery Facility
Agricultural Final Disposal
FRAMEWORK OF CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR
SCHEDULED WASTES IN MALAYSIA

Cleaner Waste utilization,

production waste to energy

Reduction of SW Increased reuse

generation SW

CIRCULAR
ECONOMY
Resource recovery
SW
Better service- to
expand lifespan
Reduction of dependence
on Reduction of disposal
natural resource SW in Secure Landfill
 TREN PENGURUSAN BUANGAN TERJADUAL, 2011 - 2022

Jumlah BT pada
Tahun 2022
ialah
5,915,073.84 MT

11
PENGHASILAN BUANGAN TERJADUAL MENGIKUT NEGERI 2022
KEMUDAHAN YANG MENGENDALIKAN BUANGAN TERJADUAL 2022

13
KUALITI ALAM SDN BHD AND TRIENEKENS (SARAWAK) SDN BHD:
JENIS RAWATAN DAN PELUPUSAN BUANGAN TERJADUAL, 2022
Special Management of Scheduled Waste

Neutralization
Agent Electrolyte
(SW 427) (SW 104)

Carbon Cement
(SW 104) Additives
(SW 104)

Tiles Concrete Wall

Pre cast Concrete (SW 104) Iron Billet Glycerin Red Brick
(SW 204) Panel
(SW 409) (SW 204) (SW 204 & SW 104)
(SW 104)
REUSE AND
RECOVERY OPTIONS
OF SELECTED
SCHEDULED WASTES
Reuse & Recovery Options
(Details in Infographics)

Name of the
Process / Technology

Advantages
&
Limitations
Process Description

Recommendations /
Further Research
Required
(Based on literature
findings)
Waste Acceptance Criteria
(Based on literature
findings) Technology Readiness Level
(Based on literature findings,
stakeholder engagement and
survey responses)
References
Types of SW Management Technologies

Physical Chemical Biological Thermal

Relies on physical Using chemical reagents Microorganisms degrade Reduction of volume and
characteristics of the to change the chemical or detoxify the hazardous toxicity of the wastes
waste materials in order to structure of the waste components present using high temperature
separate the hazardous constituents
waste constituents

Examples*
Examples*
Calcination,
Centrifugation, Cyclone
Examples Pyrometallurgical Process,
Separation, Distillation, Examples*
Aerobic Treatment Units, Rotary Kiln Incinerators,
Electrostatic Separation, Chemical Dehalogenation,
Biological Reactors, Rotary Kiln Pyrolysis
Evaporation, Filtration, Electrolysis, Fenton Process,
Anaerobic Digestion Reactors, Simple
Heavy Media / Sink-and- Forced Leaching, Hydrolysis,
Systems, Bioleaching, Bio- Incinerators, Starved Air /
float / Gravity Separation, Neutralization, Precipitation,
Reclamation, Land Farming, Fixed Hearth / Air-
Ion Exchange, Magnetic Solvent Extraction
Vermicomposting Controlled / Pyrolytic
Separation, Physical
Incinerators, Thermal
Segregation, Sedimentation
Oxidation
Note: *Examples are based on survey responses obtained as of 23 Aug 2023 from local scheduled waste management facilities
Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)

Basic Principles Observed

1 Scientific observations made and reported. Examples could include paper-based studies of a
technology’s basic properties.
Technology Concept Formulated
Research 2
Envisioned applications are speculative at this stage. Examples are often limited to analytical studies.
Experimental Proof of Concept
3 Effective research and development initiated. Examples include studies and laboratory measurements to
validate analytical predictions.
Technology Validated in Lab
Technology validated through designed investigation. Examples might include analysis of the technology
4
parameter operating range. The results provide evidence that envisioned application performance
requirements might be attainable.
Technology Validated in Relevant Environment
Development
5 Reliability of technology significantly increases. Examples could involve validation of a semi-integrated
system/model of technological and supporting elements in a simulated environment.
Technology Demonstrated in Relevant Environment
6 Prototype system verified. Examples might include a prototype system/model being produced and
demonstrated in a simulated environment.
Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)

System Prototype Demonstration in Operational Environment

7 A major step increase in technological maturity. Examples could include a prototype model/system
being verified in an operational environment.
System Complete and Qualified
System/model produced and qualified. An example might include the knowledge generated from TRL 7
Deployment 8
being used to manufacture an actual system/model, which is subsequently qualified in an operational
environment. In most cases, this TRL represents the end of development
Actual System Proven in Operational Environment
9 System/model proven and ready for full commercial deployment. An example includes the actual
system/model being successfully deployed for multiple projects by end users.
Common Recovery Technology
 SW 103
WASTE OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
SW 103 – Waste of Batteries

Lithium Cobalt Lithium Manganese Phosphate Batteries Cobalt Batteries

Oxide Batteries Oxide Batteries

Common Component of Lithium Batteries

Battery
Mass Fraction Metal Component
Component
Lithium metal oxides or phosphates in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Cathode ~7 to 22 wt% binder; LiCoO2 (LCO); LiFePO4 (LFP); LiMn2O4 (LMO); LiNixCoyAlzO2
(NCA); LiNi0.3Mn0.3Co0.3O2 (NCM)
Anode ~15 to 17 wt% Graphite or Si/C composite in PVDF binder
Lithium salts in organic carbonate solvents: lithium
hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) dissolved in dimethyl carbonate (DMC);
Electrolyte ~10 to 15 wt%
lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI); lithium 4,5-dicyano-2-
trifluoromethyl-imidazolide (LiTDI)
Separator ~4 to 10 wt% Polyolefins; polypropylene (PP); polyethylene (PE)
Current collectors ~13 to 18 wt% Aluminium, copper
Casing ~10 to 26 wt% Steel or aluminium
Recovery Technologies for SW 103

TECHNOLOGIES

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9)
TRL 4
(Technology validated in lab)
• Lithium extraction via selective adsorption
• Metal bioleaching using acidophilic bacterial
strains
TRL 6
(Technology demonstrated in relevant
environment)
• Lithorec II process

TRL 9
(Actual system proven in operational environment)
• Electro-chemical extraction
• Lithium extraction via precipitation
• Lithium extraction via solvent extraction
• Pyrometallurgy
Recovery Technologies for SW 103

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Lithium (as secondary raw material for batteries)

• IEC 62133-2:2017 (Secondary cells and batteries
containing alkaline or other non-acid electrolytes –
Safety requirements for portable sealed secondary
cells, and for batteries made from them, for use in
portable applications – Part 2: Lithium systems)
Recovery Technologies for SW 103
 SW 104
SILICO MANGANESE SLAG
SW 104 – Silico-Manganese Slag

Chemical Compositions of Si-Mn Slag Physical Appearance of Si-Mn Slag

42.5
37.5
32.5
27.5
22.5

Weight Percent (%)

17.5
12.5
7.5
2.5
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO Na2O K2O MnO SO3
Ferroatlantica S. L., Spain 42.6 12.2 1 25.2 4.2 0.36 2.2 9.9 0.12
Ferroatlantica S. L., Spain 36.53 9.86 0.92 29.1 4.69 0.34 1.08 12.23 2.77 Air Cooled Slag
Faryab Ferro Alloy Plant, 38.17 14.78 1.79 29.3 2.77 0.42 0.76 10.29 0.12
Iran
Miaxian Steel Co., China 28.34 18.45 0 21.86 4.72 0.41 1.04 11.58 2.23
JSP, India 40.33 14.55 0.75 26.17 5.74 0.21 0.92 10.06 1.57
Shyam Ferro Alloy, India 36.4 25.94 1.2 17.74 4.27 0.21 0.37 11.23 0.84

Water Quenched Slag

Recovery Technologies for SW 104

TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9) Manganese

TRL 4 • α-manganese with purity of 99.99% (Kim
(Technology validated in lab) et al., 2011)
• Alkali Activated Cement Binders (AAB)
• Soil amendment Supplementary Cementitious Material /
• Catalyst for treatment of dye wastewater (eco-efficient Cementitious Material / Portland Cement
CaMoO4/Electroconductive Geopolymer Composite) • MS EN 197 (Cement: Composition,
• Recovery of Mn through calcination or reduction Specifications and Conformity Criteria for
Common Cements)
• MS 1387 (Specification for Ground
TRL 9
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for Use with
(Actual system proven in operational environment)
Portland Cement)
• Welding flux manufacturing
• MS 522: Part 1 (Portland Cement (Ordinary
• Supplementary cementitious material
and Rapid-Hardening): Part 1: Specification)
• Aggregates
• Extraction of Mn through magnetic separation or forced
Aggregates in Concrete
leaching
• MS EN 12620 (Aggregates for Concrete)
• Road base / sub-base / rail ballast
Recovery Technologies for SW 104
 SW 110
COPPER WIRE INSULATOR
SW 110 – Copper Wire Insulators

Composition & Weights of Selected Cable Types

Approximate
Cable Type Composition
Weight (kg/km)
PHELPS DODGE Cable
Annealed copper, PVC insulation 21 – 3,987
Type 60227 IEC 01
PHELPS DODGE Cable Annealed copper, PVC insulation, PVC inner
115 – 1,256
Type 60227 IEC 10 sheath, PVC outer sheath

Conductor, Conductor shield, Insulation,

Medium Voltage Cross-Linked
Insulation shield, Metallic shield, Filler, Binding 1,705 – 13,010
Polyethylene Cable (XLPE)
tape, Oversheath, Insulation: XLPE

0.6/1(1.2) kV Fire Resistant

Conductor, Fire barrier (mica tape), Insulation,
Low Smoke and Halogen 274 – 8,440
Inner sheath, Armour, Binding tape, Outer sheath
Free Cable
Conductor, Cross-linked PE (XLPE) insulation, PVC
PHELPS DODGE Cable
inner sheath, Aluminium wire armour, Binding 136 – 7,344
Type CV-AWA
tape, PVC sheath
PE or PP insulated conductor, Non-hygroscopic
AL-PE Sheathed Cable tape, Aluminium shield, PE sheath, Support 250 – 1,720
messenger
Recovery Technologies for SW 110

TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9)
TRL 4
(Technology validated in lab)
• Pyrolysis
• Selective flotation/froth flotation
• Hot water separation Plastic for Wire Insulator
• Ultrasonic separation • MS 138 (Specification for PVC insulation and
• High-pressure water jet technology sheath of electric cables)
• BS 7655 (Specification for Insulation and
TRL 8 Sheath Materials for Cables)
(System complete and qualified) • BS 6746 (Specification for PVC Insulation
• Cryogenic grinding technology and Sheath of Electric Cables)

TRL 9
(Actual system proven in operational environment)
• Gravity/density-based separation
• Electrostatic separation
• Mechanical recycling
Recovery Technologies for SW 110
 SW 202
WASTE CATALYSTS
SW 202 – Waste Catalysts

Recovery Pathways of Spent Catalysts

Types of Catalysts

Heterogeneous
Regeneration
Spent Catalyst

Metal Recovery
Recovery Technologies for SW 202

TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9)
TRL 4
(Technology validated in lab)
• Rejuvenation process

TRL 7
(System prototype demonstration in operational environment)
• Regeneration via H2O2 chemical treatment Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)
• 99.99% purity of PGMs (London Platinum &
TRL 9 Palladium Market)
(Actual system proven in operational environment)
• Centrifugation
• Filtration
• Magnetic separation
• Combination of alkaline leaching and ion exchange
• Ion exchange
• Tetronics’ DC plasma arc technology
• Biometallurgy
Recovery Technologies for SW 202
 SW 204
PAPER MILL SLUDGE
SW 204 – Paper Mill Sludge
Types of Paper Mill Primary Sludge Secondary Sludge
Sludges Parameter
GSPP1 EU2 GSPP 1
EU2
Dry solid (DS) content - 47.9 % - 31.7 %
Organic solids - 33.2 %DS - 48.3 %DS
TOC - 19 %DS 23 %DS
Antimony - - <25 mg/kg -
Rejects
Arsenic ND (<0.01 mg/kg) 1.6 mg/kg DS 2 mg/kg 2.3 mg/kg DS
Barium 27.9 mg/kg - 61 mg/kg -
Beryllium - - <25 mg/kg -
Lead 38.1 mg/kg 41 mg/kg DS 152 mg/kg 22 mg/kg DS
Cadmium 0.9 mg/kg <0.67 mg/kg DS <2 mg/kg <0.67 mg/kg DS
Primary Sludge ChromiumTotal 6.5 mg/kg 24 mg/kg DS 36 mg/kg 17 mg/kg DS
Cobalt - - <25 mg/kg -
Copper 87.4 mg/kg 238 mg/kg DS 130 mg/kg 71 mg/kg DS
Nickel 3.2 mg/kg 5.7 mg/kg DS 65 mg/kg 7.5 mg/kg DS
Mercury ND (<0.02 mg/kg) 0.08 mg/kg DS <25 mg/kg 0.09 mg/kg DS
Molybdenum - - <25 mg/kg -
Secondary Sludge Selenium - - <25 mg/kg -
Silver ND (<0.01 mg/kg) - <25 mg/kg -
Thallium - - <25 mg/kg -
Vanadium - - <25 mg/kg -
Note:
Zinc ND means not detected ND (<0.01 mg/kg) 141 mg/kg DS 465 mg/kg 135 mg/kg DS
Sources:
1. ChemVi Laboratory Sdn. Bhd. and Eurofins NM Laboratory Sdn. Bhd. (2018)
2. Suhr et al. (2015). Report from a German mechanical pulp mill.
Reuse Applications for SW 204
Nutrient Values of Paper Mill Sludges
REUSE APPLICATIONS
Combined
Primary Secondary Primary and
Parameters Unit
Sludge Sludge Secondary
Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9)
Sludge
TRL 4
Phosphorus g/kg 0.01 – 40.0 0.42 – 16.7 0.1 – 25.4 (Technology validated in lab)
• Animal feed production
Potassium g/kg - - 0.12 – 10.0

Nitrogen % dry <0.1 – 0.3 1.12 0.36 - 0.87 TRL 9

(Actual system proven in operational environment)
Carbon % dry 16.8 50.6 32.0 – 42.0 • Reuse as landfill cover barrier
• Land (agriculture) application
Carbon/
Nitrogen - >56 41.5 48 – 89
ratio

Ash Content % dry

5.69 –
32.77 25.0 – 49.0
PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS
35.28
Source: Bajpai (2015); Likon and Trebše (2012)
Fertilizer & Soil Conditioners
• MS 1517 Organic Fertilizers – Specification
Reuse Applications for SW 204
Recovery Technologies for SW 204

TECHNOLOGIES

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9) • Sorbent production (CAPS process)

TRL 4 TRL 6 TRL 9

(Technology validated in lab) (Technology demonstrated in relevant (Actual system proven in operational
• Ceramic material manufacturing environment) environment)
• Plasterboard additive • Concrete production • Fibreboard production
• Filler in nylon biocomposite • Millboard and softboard production • Low-grade paper production
• Road surfacing additives • Animal feed production (mechanical
• Acid treatment to extract nanofibrils TRL 7 conversion)
• Oxidation for extraction of cellulose (System prototype demonstration in • Sorbent production (KAOFIN process)
fibres operational environment) • Pyrolysis to produce biochar
• Sequential fermentation to form • Cement mortar products • Fiber recovery via screening
bacterial cellulose • Vermicomposting • Moulded pulp products
• Wood adhesive • Anaerobic digestion • Pelletization
• Simultaneous saccharification and • Wet air oxidation
fermentation (SSF) to produce ethanol TRL 8 • Light weight aggregates
• Sorbent production (pyrolysis process) (System complete and qualified) • Cement and cementitious products
• Insulating material production
Recovery Technologies for SW 204

PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Fibreboard Supplementing Poultry Feeds)

• BS EN 622-1 (Fibreboards – Specifications, General • MS 20 (Poultry Feeds – Specification)
Requirements)
Moulded Pulp Products
Supplementary Cementitious Material / Cementitious
• Thickness: TAPPI T411 om-97
Material / Portland Cement
• Tensile: ISO 1994-2
• MS EN 197 (Cement: Composition, Specifications and
• Axial Compression: TAPPI T 826
Conformity Criteria for Common Cements)
• Flexural modulus: ASTM D4476
• MS 1387 (Specification for Ground Granulated Blast Furnace
• Crush/impact: ASTM D1709
Slag for Use with Portland Cement)
• Grease/oil resistance: TAPPI Test Method T 559 cm-12
• MS 522: Part 1 (Portland Cement (Ordinary and Rapid-
Grease resistance test for paper and paperboard
Hardening): Part 1: Specification)
• Thermal conductivity: ISO 8302, GB 10297
• Moisture content: ISO 2017.287, TAPPI, T.2004. 412 om-02
Lightweight Aggregates (LWA)
• Vapor transfer: ASTM E96-95
• MS EN 12620 (Aggregates for Concrete)
• Food migration: EN 1186
• MS EN 2280 (Aggregates for Mortar)
• Biodegradability/compostability: ASTM D 5338, ASTM
D6400, EN 13432, EN 14995, ISO 14855, ISO 17088, BS
Animal Feed
• MS 565 (Specification for Mineral Mixtures or ENV807
Recovery Technologies for SW 204
 SW 205
WASTE GYPSUM
SW 205 – Waste Gypsum
Example of Waste Gypsum Composition

Parameter Unit Composition

Calcium oxide, CaO wt% 29.57
Sulphur trioxide, SO3 wt% 29.56
Aluminium oxide, Al2O3 wt% 16.13
Silicon dioxide, Si­­O2 wt% 8.86
Magnesium oxide, MgO wt% 7.82
Iron (III) oxide, Fe2O3 wt% 4.88
Sodium oxide, Na2O wt% 2.39
Phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5 wt% 0.39
Manganese oxide, MnO wt% 0.15
Potassium oxide, K2O wt% 0.11
Chlorine, Cl mg/kg 418.0
Titanium dioxide, TiO2 mg/kg 344.0
Zinc oxide, ZnO mg/kg 111.0
Source: Abdul Hamid et al. (2021)
Chromium (III) oxide, Cr2O3 mg/kg 56.0
Reuse Applications for SW 205

REUSE APPLICATIONS PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Fertilizer & Soil Conditioners

• MS 1517 Organic Fertilizers – Specification
Reuse (TRLs 4 to 9)
TRL 4 Pathogen Unit Max. Limit
(Technology validated in lab) E. coli cfu/g <10
• Precipitation agent for phosphate recovery from wastewater Psudomonas cfu/g <10
• Sulfurizing agent for metal recovery from slag aureginosa
Staphylococcus cfu/g <10
TRL 7 aureus
(System prototype demonstration in operational environment) Salmonella cfu/g Absent
• Direct carbonation
Pollutant Unit Max. Limit
TRL 9 Arsenic mg/kg 50
(Actual system proven in operational environment) Cadmium mg/kg 5
• Soil conditioner
Chromium mg/kg 200
• Mitigation of contaminant transport to surface water
Lead mg/kg 300
(prevention of nutrient loss)
Mercury mg/kg 2
Nickel mg/kg 150
Reuse Applications for SW 205
Recovery Technologies for SW 205

TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Fired Clay Brick

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9) • BS EN 771-1 (Specification for Masonry Units – Clay Masonry
Units)
TRL 4 • MS 76 (Bricks and Blocks of Fired Brickearth, Clay or Shale)
(Technology validated in lab)
Concrete Mixture
• Production of glaze from red gypsum waste • MS EN 206 (Concrete – Specification, Performance, Production
and Conformity)
TRL 7 • CIS 21: 2018 (Ready-Mixed Concrete: Production, Conformity,
(System prototype demonstration in operational Transportation and Delivery Criteria for Producers)
environment)
Cement Mortar Blocks
• Recovery process via reduction and PIPCo process
• JKR 20800-0183-14 (Standard Specifications for Building Works
• Indirect carbonation
2014)CIS 21: 2018 (Ready-Mixed
• MS 2506-2 (Mortar for Masonry – Specification – Part 2:
TRL 9 Masonry Mortar)
(Actual system proven in operational environment)
• Fired clay brick production Wallboard
• ASTM C1396 (Standard Specification for Gypsum Board)
• Concrete and cement applications
• Wallboard products manufacturing Recovered Sulfur
• Sulfur with purity between 96 – 99% (Nengovhela et al., 2007)
 SW 321
RUBBER OR LATEX WASTE
SW 321 – Rubber or Latex Wastes
Results of Chemical Characterization of Latex Waste from Dipping Tank

Coagulated Lump from Factories

Parameters Average
A B C
Moisture (%) 22.2 32.61 14.67 23.16
Polymer content (%) 62.5 57.82 61.09 60.47
Ash (%) 0.3 0.67 8.73 3.23
Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (%) 12.5 6.6 10.75 9.95
Zinc oxide, ZnO (%) 0.16 0.43 1.48 0.69
Accelerators and antioxidant (%) 0.2 0.61 0.35 0.39
Total sulphur (%) 1.09 0.81 2.05 1.32
Others* 1.06 0.45 0.9 0.80
Source: Devaraj et al. (2017)
Note: *Traces of heavy metal (Ti, Cd, Pb), silicates and degraded rubber found in acetone extract which were not analysed
Recovery Technologies for SW 321

TECHNOLOGIES PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONS

Recovery (TRLs 4 to 9)
TRL 4
(Technology validated in lab) Rubber Modified Asphalt Concrete Paving
• De-link process Mixture
• Gasification • ASTM D6114/D6114M (Standard
• Renewable Resource Material (RRM) reclaiming process Specification for Asphalt-Rubber Binder)
• Biodegradation of cis-1,4-polyisoprene chain
Reclaimed Rubber
TRL 9 • ASTM D 2000 (Specifications for Rubber
(Actual system proven in operational environment) Materials)
• Pyrolysis • ASTM D 5603 (Standard Classification for
• TAK system Rubber Compounding Materials – Recycled
• Arizona refinery system (wet process) Vulcanizate Particulate Rubber)
• Rubber reclamation via mechanical recycling, microwave • IS 7490 Reclaimed Rubber (India)
method, ultrasonic method, wet or solution grinding,
cryomechanical process, oxidation, organic disulfides and
mercaptans
Recovery Technologies for SW 321
 CONCLUSION
• Industries are encouraged to maximise the recycling & reutilization rate of
the scheduled waste generated

• It is an alternative solution for a holistic scheduled wastes management. It

is better to reutilize rather than sending them to landfills and incinerators

• However, not all scheduled wastes could be recycled or recovered due to

the wastes condition and the economical reason and factors. Thus it can
still be reutilized through coprocessing
THANK YOU

Alam Sekitar, Tanggungjawab Bersama