LCR Truth Table Analysis
LCR Truth Table Analysis
LCR Truth Table Analysis
Truth-Table Analysis
What is a Truth-Table
The fixed set of inputs are under ‘P’ and ‘Q’ at the left. The final value of the
formula is under the main connective in bold.
T F F T F
Rules for Constructing a Truth-Table
The number of rows that a truth-table needs is determined by the number of basic
statement letters involved in the set of formulas that will be involved in the
computation. The formula for the rows is 2 n where n = the number of basic
statement letters involved. The most common instances are where n = 1, 2, and 3;
in those cases one needs 2, 4, and 8 rows respectively.
For each formula the computation proceeds from weakest scope to widest scope.
The operation in the widest scope is computed last. And if two sub-formulas of a
a formula have no greater weight in scope, then it does not matter which one is
computed first.
Distributing Basic Truth-Values in the Rows
The easiest way to make sure all possible distributions of T and F have been
accounted for, one can use the procedure of halving and alternating Ts and Fs,
explained by the case in which one has 3 basic statement letters, P, Q, and R, and
thus 8 rows, by the formula 2n.
Set the third column under R to 1T, 1F, 1T, 1F, 1T, 1F, 1T, 1F
The Case of Eight Rows
P Q R (P ( Q R)
T T T
T T F
T F T
T F F
F T T
F T F
F F T
F F F
What can a truth-table be used for?
Is φ a valid consequence of ϕ?
Definitions of Key Logical Concepts
Let the truth-profile of a formula be the column
underneath the main connective of the formula.
Logical Representation on a Truth-Table
Concept
Tautology The truth-profile is all T.
Contingent The truth-profile is some T, and some F.
Contradiction The truth-profile is all F.
Consistent At least one row has T in the truth-profile for all formulas involved.
Inconsistent There is no row that has T in the truth-profile for all formulas
involved.
Equivalent The truth-profiles are identical for all formulas involved.
Valid There is no row where the truth-profile for all the premises has a T,
and the the truth-profile for the conclusion has an F.
Invalid There is some row where the truth-profile for all the premises has a
T, and the truth-profile for the conclusion has an F.
Examples: Tautology
P Q (P (Q P))
T T T T
T F T T
F T T F
F F T T
Examples: Contingent
P Q (P Q)
T T T F
T F T T
F T F F
F F T T
Examples: Contradiction
P (P P)
T F F
F F T
Examples: Consistency
P Q (P Q) (P Q)
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F F
Examples: Inconsistency
P Q (P Q) (P Q)
T T T T F F
T F F F T T
F T T T F F
F T F T F T
Examples: Validity
P Q (P Q) P Q
T T T T T ok
T F F T F ok
F T T F T ok
F F F F F ok
Examples: Invalidity
P Q (P Q) P Q
T T T T T ok
T F T T F !!!!!
F T T F T ok
F F T F F ok