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    Nursing Care of Elderly Intro & Theories

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    MASCULINE DEACON

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    Nursing Care of Elderly Intro & Theories

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    MASCULINE DEACON
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    22 views31 pages

    Nursing Care of Elderly Intro & Theories

    Uploaded by

    MASCULINE DEACON

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 31

    NURSING CARE OF THE ELDERLY

    Ms Dinshamol P K
    Sr lecturer
    DEFINITION- GERIATRICS
     Geriatrics is a branch of medical and nursing science that deals
    with the treatment and care of disease conditions in old people
    including also constructive health practice and prevention of
    disease.

    NEWTON 1950
     Geriatrics is the positive approach to preserve and to restore
    human ability in old age.

    NORTON 1965
    DEFINITION- GERIATRIC NURSING
     Geriatric nursing is defined as the assessment of nursing
    needs of older people, planning and implementing nursing
    care to meet those needs and evaluating the effectiveness of
    such care to achieve and maintain a level of wellness
    consistent with limitations imposed by the ageing process.

    AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION 1970


     Geriatric nursing is defined as the specialized nursing care of
    the older adults that occur in any setting in which nurses use
    knowledge, expertise and caring abilities to promote optimal
    functioning.

    LENA MYRTLE GOMEZ


    GERONTOLOGY
     It means scientific study of the process of aging and the
    problems of aged people, it includes the biologic, sociologic,
    psychologic and economic aspects.
    GERONTIC NURSING
     Nursing of older people that is the art and practice of
    nurturing, caring and comforting.
    AGE CLASSIFICATION
    The old age group is classified into three.
     Young old adults (65 to 74yrs)
     Middle old (75 to 84yrs)
     Old-old adults (85 and above)
    CONCEPTS OF AGEING

     Chronologic aging
     Biologic aging
     Psychologic aging
     Social aging
     Cognitive aging
    CHRONOLOGIC AGING
     Chronologic age refers to actual amount of time a person
    has been alive.
     In other words the number of days, months or years a
    person has been alive.
    BIOLOGIC AGING(PHYSIOLOGIC AGING)
     Senescence or biological aging is the gradual
    deterioration of functional characteristic.
     Biological aging refers to the physical changes that slow
    us down as humans get into middle and older years.
     Eg: arteries might clog up or problems with lungs might
    make it more difficult for us to breathe.
    PSYCHOLOGIC AGING
     It refers to psychological changes, Including those involving
    mental functioning and personality, that occurs as human
    age.
     Chronologic age is not always same as the biologic or
    psychologic age.
     Some people who are 65, can look and act much younger
    than some who are 50.
    SOCIAL AGING
     It refers to changes in person’s roles and relationships, both
    within their network of relatives and friends and informal
    organizations such as work place and houses of worship.
     It is also profoundly influenced by the perception of aging that
    is part of society’s culture.
     If a society views aging positively, the social aging experienced
    by individuals in that society will be more positive and
    enjoyable than in society that views aging negatively.
    COGNITIVE AGING
     Cognitive ageing is the decline in cognitive processing that occurs as
    people get older.

     Age-related impairments in reasoning, memory and processing


    speed can arise during adulthood and progress into the elder years.

     Cognitive aging is concerned with the basic processes of learning


    and memory as well as with the complex higher- order processes of
    language and intellectual competence or executive functioning.
    THEORIES OF AGING

    Biological
    theories of aging

    Psycological • Intrinsic biologic theory


    theories of aging • External biologic theory
     Biological theories of aging: Physical aging as involuntary process

    which leads to cumulative changes in cells, tissues and body fluids.

     Intrinsic biologic theory

    Aging changes arise from internal or predetermined cause.

     External biologic theory

    Environmental factors lead to structural alterations which in

    turn causes degenerative changes.


    A. FREE RADICAL THEORY
    DENHAM HARMAN-1956
     Free radicals means any molecule that has a free electron and this
    property make it react with healthy molecules in a destructive
    way.
     This theory emphasizes the mechanism of oxygen use at the
    cellular level.
     Free radicals are molecules with an extra cellular charge.
     This charge creates a reaction that alters the structure or function
    of the cell membrane.
     Increased unstable free radicals produces harmful effects to
    biological system such as chromosomal changes, pigment
    accumulation and collagen alteration.
     Oxidation of carbohydrate, protein and fat within the body
    produces free radicals.
     Environmental pollutants are external sources of free
    radicals.
    FREE RADICAL THEORY
    B. CROSS LINK THEORY
     Cross-link theory and connective tissue theory asserts that
    the molecules of collagen and elastin, connective tissue
    components, from bonds that increase cell rigidity.
     Cross linkage is thought to result from chemical reaction that
    creates chemical bonds between normally separate
    molecules in the body.
    C. IMMUNOLOGIC THEORY
     Immune system is responsible for aging.
     An aging immune system is less able to distinguish body cells
    from foreign cells as a result it begins to attack and destroy
    body cells as if they were foreign.
     Erratic cellular mechanism are thought to cause attacks on
    body tissues through auto aggression or immunodeficiency.
    D. ERROR THEORY
     This theory focus on the phenomenon of decreased bonding
    of protein cells that occurs spontaneously or in response to
    stressors such as radiation .
     This stressor results in errors in the synthesis of RNA and DNA
    and produces cells with impaired function.
    E. WEAR AND TEAR THEORY
     This theory proposes that cumulative damage to vital,
    irreplaceable body parts continues as age advances.
     This may leads to death of cells, tissues, organs and finally
    the person himself.
    F. SOMATIC MUTATION THEORY
     This theory states a random mutation in cells which renders
    them inefficient.
     The number of inefficient cells increases with age and this
    impairs with the function of organs.
     This is supported by the higher incidence of chromosomal
    abnormalities with age.
    G.DNA DAMAGE THEORIES
     Aging is caused by accumulated damage to DNA, which in
    turn inhibit cells ability to function and express the
    appropriate genes.
     This leads to cell death and overall aging of the organism.
    H. PROGRAMMED CELLULAR AGING THEORY
     Aging may be a result of an impairment of the cell in
    translating necessary RNA as a result of increased turnoffs of
    DNA.
     Some segments of DNA become depleted with advancing age
    or selected cellular structures seem to change with age so
    that DNA transcription is restricted.
    PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORIES OF AGING
    Age related changes in cognitive function such as
    intelligence, memory, learning and problem solving.
    A. DISENGAGEMENT THEORIES
    CUMMINGS AND HENRY1961

     Aging people withdraw from customary roles and engage in


    more introspective, self focused activities.
    B. CONTINUITY THEORY
     The continuity or developmental theory states that
    personality remains the same behavior becomes more
    predictable as people age.
     This theory focuses more on personality and individual
    behavior overtime.
    C. ACTIVITY THEORY
     Successful aging and life satisfaction depend on maintaining
    high level of activity.
     According to this perspective, the maintenance of optimal
    physical, mental and social activity is necessary for
    successful aging.
     This theory also assumes that older adults have the same
    needs as middle age persons.
    D. ADJUSTMENT THEORY
     It defines aging as a series of adjustment to retirement, to
    grandparenthood, changes in income, to changes in social
    life and marital status and to potential deterioration of
    health and well being.
    THANK YOU

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