Betty Neuman Theory
Betty Neuman Theory
Betty Neuman Theory
Neuman
"Neuman
Systems
Model"
Presented by: Alexa Contreras
History and
Background
• Born in Lowel, Ohio in September
11,1924
• Died in May 28, 2022 (age 97 years)
1947 • Receive RN diploma from People's
Hospital School of Nursing, akme
Ohio
• Moved to California and gained
experience as a hospital, staff, and
head nurse; school nurse and
industrial nurse; and as a clinical
instructor in medical-surgical,
critical care and communicable
disease nursing.
1957 •
Attended University of California at Los
Angeles(UCLA) with double major in
psychology and public health.
• Receive BS jn Nursing from UCLA
1966 • Receive Masters degree in Mental Health,
Public Health Consultation from UCLA
• Recognize as pioneer in the field of nursing
involvement in community mental health
• Began developing her model while lecturing
in community mental health at UCLA
1972 • Her model was first published as a "Model
for Teaching Total Preson Approach to
Patient Problems" in Nursing Research
Environment
• The environment is crucial to the system's function,
encompassing factors that impact and are impacted by
the system. Neuman Systems Model recognizes three
environments: internal, external, and created.
• The internal environment: is contained within the client system
and comprises all forces and influences within its boundaries.
• The external environment: exists outside the client system.
• The created environment: is unconsciously developed and is
used by the client to support protective coping.
Health
• Health is seen as a continuum from wellness to
illness, with optimal wellness when needs are met
and illness when they are not. Death occurs when
there is a lack of energy to sustain life.
Nursing
• Nursing focuses on defining appropriate actions for stress-
related situations and client reactions to stressors.
Interventions help clients adapt to stress, maintain stability,
and conserve energy.
Open System
• In a continuous flow system, input, process, output,
and feedback interact within an organized
complexity.
Basic Stricture
and Energy
Resources
• The basic structure, or central core,
comprises those basic survival factors
common to the species.
• These factors include the system
variables, genetic features, and strengths
and weaknesses of the system parts.
Client Variables
• The individual client holistically and considers the
variables simultaneously and comprehensively.
• The physiological variable
• The psychological variable
• The sociocultural variable
• The developmental variable
Flexible line of
• The spiritual variable
defense
• A protective accordion-like mechanism that
surrounds and protects the normal line of
defense from invasion by stressors.
Normal line of
defense
• An adaptive health level established over time as
the norm for an individual or system, serving as a
basis for assessing wellness.
Lines of resistance
• When stressors breach the normal defense,
protection factors are activated, leading to
reaction symptomatology.
Subconcepts of
Neuman Systems
Stressor Model
s
• A stressor is any phenomenon that might
penetrate both the flexible and normal lines of
defense, resulting in either a positive or
negative outcome.
• Intrapersonal stressors
• Interpersonal stressors
• Extrapersonal stressors
Stability
• A state of balance or harmony achieved through energy exchanges to manage stressors
Degree of Reaction
• The amount of system instability resulting from stressor invasion of the
Entropy
• A process of energy depletion and disorganization moving the system
Reconstitution
• Following treatment of stressor reaction, the return and
three dimensions:
• Primary Prevention
• Secondary Prevention
• Tertiary Prevention
Strengths and Weaknesses
• Betty Neuman's nursing model, although designed for
Weaknesses
• The model's weakness is the unclear terms used, and there should be a clearer