Cell As Basic Unit of Life
Cell As Basic Unit of Life
Cell As Basic Unit of Life
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References:
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M.Sc. Biotech 1st Sem. Paper I: S0LS/BT/C 001.
Cell Biology, Developmental Biology & Biophysics
UNIT I
Plasma membrane: Structure, organisation, lipid bilayer, proteins & glycoconjugates, liposomes. Function- Ionic transport,
types of transport (symport, antiport, active & passive,), channel proteins. Intracellular compartmentalization. Structure,
organization and functions of Nucleus, Mitochondria, lysosome, Golgi body, Chloroplast, Peroxisome, Endoplasmic reticulum
(Rough and smooth) Cell motility and shape: Structure and functions, Microfilament, Microtubules and Intermediate filament.
UNIT II
Protein Sorting, Vesicular traffic in the secretory and endocytic pathway: transport from endoplasmic reticulum through the
Golgi network to lysosome, endocytosis, exocytosis, Molecular mechanisms of vesicular transport and the maintenance of
compartments diversity. Cell signaling : General principles (Types of signaling). Cell surface receptor mediated signaling (ion
channel, G protein and enzyme linked), Target cell adaptation.
UNIT III
Cell cycle, Molecular events and regulation. Cell division: General strategy and regulation, Molecular mechanism of mitosis
and meiosis. Cancer- Biology: Types of cancer, onset of cancer, Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppresser genes, Oncogenic
mutations affecting cell proliferation, cell cycle and genome stability. Programmed cell death, Apoptosis.
UNIT IV
Developmental Biology: Mechanism of fertilization, morphological and molecular aspects: acrosomal reaction, cortical
reaction, blocks to polyspermy, parthenogenesis, Cellular mechanism of development: Morphogenetic cellular movements,
classes of cell adhesion molecules, intracellular communication.
Mechanism of cellular differentiation: Transcriptional regulation of gene expression during differentiation, transcription
factors and the activation of specific promoters, the activation of chromatin. Control of development by RNA processing.
Translational regulation of developmental processes.
UNIT V
Physical phenomena and processes in the living organisms. Principle of measurement. Physical units of measurement, their
systems, the SI system. Main types of thermodynamic systems. Laws of thermodynamics. Gaseous, liquid and solid state of
the matter, particle interactions as the basis of the states. Waves as a kind of mechanical motion. Characteristic quantities for
waves. Doppler effect. Applications of ultrasound in medical diagnostics. Electromagnetic waves, Physical characterization of
light. X-rays, their properties. Sources of X-radiation. Applications of X-rays to biology and medicine.
Radioactivity and radioactive isotopes. Effect of radioactive radiations onto living organism.
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M.Sc Microbiology I SEMESTER
SLS/MIC/C003: CELL BIOLOGY
Unit I: Architecture of Plasma Membrane and Solute Transport
Plasma membrane: Composition of membrane, Fluid mosaic model, Membrane fluidity, Membrane
dynamics, Membrane fusion; Solute transport across membranes: Diffusion (Simple and facilitated),
Active transport (Primary and secondary), Pumps and transporters, Ion channels (Ligand gated and
voltage gated channels), Trans-epithelial transport, Mechanism of regulation of intracellular transport.
Unit II: Intracellular Compartmentalization of Cell
Structure, organization and functions of nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
body, peroxisome, lysosome and endosomes; Cytoskeleton: Actin filaments, microtubules and
intermediate filaments; Cell motility; Integrating cell into tissue: Cell junctions, Cell- Cell adhesions,
Cell – extracellular matrix adhesion; Protein targeting; Molecular mechanism of vesicular trafficking.
Unit III: Cell Signaling
Basic signaling mechanisms (Paracrine, endocrine and autocrine signaling); Mechanism of signal
transduction: Signaling molecules, Ligand-receptors interaction, Transmembrane and intracellular
signaling, Cell surface receptors (G protein-coupled, enzyme-linked and ion channel-linked receptors),
Second messengers and their role in signal transduction, Signal integration, Signal amplification, Target
cell adaptation.
Unit IV: Cell Cycle and Cell Division
Cell cycle: Molecular events, Cyclin, CDKs, Checkpoints in cell cycle, Intracellular control of cell cycle
events, Abnormalities in cell cycle: Oncogenesis (Causes, proto-oncogenes and tumor suppresser genes,
Oncogenic mutations); Cell division: Molecular mechanism of mitosis and meiosis.
Unit V: Cell Death Pathways
Necrosis; Autophagy; Senescence; Apoptosis: Mechanisms of apoptosis, Signals triggering apoptosis,
Apoptosis inducing factors, Apoptosis in cancer, immune system and organ transplants.
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Cell Biology
Cell biology (formerly called cytology, from the
Greek κυτος, kytos, "vessel") and otherwise known as
molecular biology, is a branch of biology that studies the
different structures and functions of the cell and focuses
mainly on the idea of the cell as the basic unit of life.
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Cells
Smallest living unit
Most are microscopic
Discovery of Cells
Robert Hooke (mid-1600s)
Observed sliver of cork
Saw “row of empty boxes”
Coined the term cell
Cell theory
(1839) Theodor Schwann & Matthias Schleiden
“ all living things are made of cells”
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic Cells
First cell type on earth
Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
No membrane bound nucleus
Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
Organelles not bound by membranes
Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleus bound by membrane
Include fungi, protists, plant, and animal cells
Possess many organelles
Protozoan
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Organelles
Cellular machinery
Two general kinds
Derived from membranes
Bacteria-like organelles
Bacteria-Like Organelles
Derived from symbiotic bacteria
Ancient association
Endosymbiotic theory
Evolution of modern cells from cells & symbiotic
bacteria
Plasma Membrane
Contains cell contents
Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Phospholipids
Polar
Hydrophilic head
Hydrophobic tail
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