LECT 6 – DR JULAIDA KALIWON

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WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION?

EPA Definition:
The presence of a substance in the environment that because of its chemical composition or quantity
prevents the functioning of natural processes and produces undesirable environmental and health
effects. Substances which discharged into the surroundings, where they bring about undesirable
changes

 Environmental pollution is unwarranted disposal of mass or energy into earth’s natural resource
pool such as water, land, or air that results in long- or short-term detriment to the atmosphere and
its ecological health to negatively impact the living beings and their life both quantitatively and
qualitatively (Hussain, 1998)
Pollution is drastically
rising in all the countries
due to rise in human
activity associated with
modern technology and
population growth.

Pollution poses health

hazards, endangers
wildlife and makes the
planet unsafe for future
human survival.
Classification of Pollutants

According to their natural disposal, pollutants can be

classified as:
• Degradable
• Slowly degradable
• Non-degradable
• Based on their nature
• Physical [ heat , noise]
• Chemical [ acids ,poisonous gases ]
• Geochemical [ sediments ,dust ]
• Biological [ pathogenic organisms ]
 How many types of pollution affect the environment?

There are 2 different types of pollution

• Point Source Pollution
• Non-point Source Pollution

Point Source Pollution Non-point Source Pollution

Pollution caused from a stationary location or fixed Non-point source pollution is the type of pollution that cannot
facility where pollutants are discharged; any single be easily tracked back to its source.
identifiable source of pollution. You cannot identify (point to) the source of this pollution; this
type of pollution happens everyday in all communities.
Eg:
Chemicals coming out of pipes, Oil Spill from Ship, Eg:
Smoke from a factory. Agriculture, forestry, urban, mining, construction, dams,
channels, land disposal, saltwater intrusion, and city streets.
Main Types Of Pollution
Water Pollution
Air Pollution
Soil Pollution
Thermal Pollution
Radioactive Pollution
Noise Pollution
 WATER
POLLUTION
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Water Pollution
• The type of pollution that involves the contamination of various
water bodies.
• Various aquatic creatures depend on these water bodies and its
natural nutritious features to support its life.
Causes of Water Pollution

• Industrial waste gets dumped into these water bodies. This causes a
chemical imbalance in the water leading to death of the aquatic beings.

• Insecticides, pesticides and ripening chemicals that are used on plants run
into the ground water system or nearby streams.

• Washing clothes near lakes and rivers causes detergents also causes a
condition called “Eutrophication” which blocks sunlight from entering
inside and reduces oxygen values in the water causing an inhabitable
environment.
Water Pollution
• Water can be contaminated/polluted by:

Source Example
Homes Defected/Improper treatment sewage system
Commercial buildings Improper solid waste disposal

Factories Improper industrial chemical disposal

Farms Improper agricultural chemical disposal
Landfills Leachate seeping into water table
 Water Pollution
Definition The contamination of a body of water is adversely affected due to
the addition of large amounts of materials to the water.

Sources of pollution 1. A point source of pollution

• The polluting substance is emitted directly into the waterway.
• e.g: The polluting substance is emitted directly into the
waterway.

2. A non-source point of pollution

• There is runoff of pollutants into a waterway.
• e.g.: When fertilizer from a field is carried into a stream by
surface runoff.

Types of pollution 1. Toxic substance

2. Organic substance
3. Thermal pollution
4. Ecological pollution
 Pollution type 1: Toxic substance
Definition Sources
A toxic substance is a The greatest contributors to
chemical pollutant that is toxic pollution are
not a naturally occurring herbicides, pesticides and
substance in aquatic industrial compounds.
ecosystems.
Pollution type 1: Organic subtance
Definition Effect

Organic pollution occurs when an • This leads to a depletion of oxygen as

excess of organic matter, such as the decomposition process occurs.
manure or sewage, enters the water. • A lack of oxygen can kill aquatic
organisms.
When organic matter increases in a • As the aquatic organisms die, they are
pond, the number of decomposers will broken down by decomposers which
increase. These decomposers grow leads to further depletion of the
rapidly and use a great deal of oxygen oxygen levels.
during their growth.
 2 types of Organic subtance

Substance Source Description of Pollutant

Microorganism Certain bacteria that cause Coliform bacteria are a commonly used
dangerous illness from sewage, bacterial indicator of water pollution,
industrial chemical & agricultural although not an actual cause of disease.
chemical. Other microorganisms sometimes found in
surface waters which have caused human
health problems include:
• Burkholderia pseudomallei
• Cryptosporidium parvum
• Giardia lamblia
• Salmonella
• Novovirus and other viruses
• Parasitic worms (helminths).
 Substance Source Description of Pollutant
Excessive Sewage & fertilizer Eutrophication condition
nutrient/ • Rapid growths of algea that
Organic deprive water of O2, thus leaves
Substance streams, rivers & lakes deprived
of other life.

The eutrophication of the Potomac River

is evident from its bright green water,
caused by a dense bloom of
cyanobacteria Eutrophication is apparent as
increased turbidity in the
northern part of the Caspian
Sea, imaged from orbit.
Pollution type 3: Thermal Pollution
Definition Effects
Thermal pollution can occur Thermal pollution can lead
when water is used as a to a decrease in the
coolant near a power or dissolved oxygen level in
industrial plant and then is the water while also
returned to the aquatic increasing the biological
environment at a higher demand of aquatic
temperature than it was organisms for oxygen.
originally.
Pollution type 4: Ecological Pollution
Definition Sources

Ecological pollution takes place 1. Increased rate of siltation of

when chemical pollution, organic a waterway after a landslide
pollution or thermal pollution are which would increase the
caused by nature rather than by amount of sediments in
human activity. runoff water.
2. Large animals, such as a
deer, drowns in a flood and a
large amount of organic
material is added to the water
as a result.
3. Major geological events such
as a volcano eruption.
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AIR POLLUTION Sample Footer Text 18
 WHAT IS AIR
POLLUTION
According to Indian Air amendment Act,
1987, “air pollution means any solid, liquid, or
gaseous substances present in the atmosphere
in such concentrations that may tend to be
injurious to human beings or other living
creatures or plants or property or enjoyment”.

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Air Pollution

Atmosphere
= A layer of gases surrounding
the planet held in place by
gravity of the planet.
 Layers of
Atmosphere
• The earth is surrounded by the
atmosphere, which is the body of air
or gasses that protects the planet and
enables life.
• Most of our atmosphere is located
close to the earth's surface where it is
most dense.
• The air of our planet is 79% nitrogen
and just under 21% oxygen; the small
amount remaining is composed of
carbon dioxide and other gasses.
• There are five distinct layers of the
earth.

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1. Troposphere:
• The layer of the atmosphere closest to the earth is the
troposphere. This layer is where weather occurs. It begins at
the surface of the earth and extends out to about 4-12 miles.
The temperature of the troposphere decreases with height.
This layer is known as the lower atmosphere.
2. Stratosphere:
• Above the troposphere is the stratosphere, which extends to
about 30-35 miles above the earth's surface. Temperature
rises within the stratosphere but still remains well below
freezing.
3. Mesosphere:
• From about 35 to 50 miles above the surface of the earth lies
the mesosphere, where the air is especially thin and
molecules are great distances apart. Temperatures in the
mesosphere reach a low of -184°F (-120°C). The
stratosphere and the mesosphere are the middle atmosphere.
4. Thermosphere:
• The thermosphere rises several hundred miles above the earth's surface,
from 50 miles up to about 400 miles. Temperature increases with height and
can rise to as high as 3,600°F (2000°C). Nonetheless, the air would feel
cold because the hot molecules are so far apart. This layer is known as the
upper atmosphere.

5. Exosphere:
• Extending from the top of the thermosphere to 6200 miles (10,000 km)
above the earth is the exosphere. This layer has very few atmospheric
molecules, which can escape into space.

6. Pauses:
• Between each layer of the atmosphere is a boundary.

• Above the troposphere is the tropopause; above the stratosphere is the

stratopause; above the mesosphere is the mesopause; and above the
thermosphere is the thermopause. At these "pauses," maximum change
between the "spheres" occur.
Lower atmosphere has a natural content of:
• Nitrogen (N2),
• Oxigen (O2),
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) &
• Other gases (small amount).
 But…this natural balance of gases is upset by
millions of tonnes of extra gases & particulates
exhausted by human activities to the atmosphere.
• E.g.: particulates from natural fires & volcanoes.

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 Air Pollution
Definition The contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any
chemical, physical or biological agent that modifies the natural
characteristics of the atmosphere.
Common sources Household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities
& forest fires.

Influences Indoor & outdoor air quality.

Common pollutants Particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide &
sulfur dioxide.
Common health effect Respiratory and other diseases (which can be fatal)

http://www.who.int/topics/air_pollution/en
/index.html
 The Main Pollutants are:
1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sources from burning of :
1) Fossil fuel –e.g.: chimney & motor vehicles exhaust
2) Forest –e.g.: forest fires
3) Organic decay

2 Smog Def.= Blend/Combination of smoke & fog.

Brown fog of various pollutant gases & particulates.

In sunlight, a photochemical reaction produces droplets of

organic compounds that irritate eyes, throats & lungs.
3 Ozone (O3) •Def.= A powerful oxidizing agent.
• It is part of smog by photochemical reaction.
• Ozone in the lower atmosphere is an air pollutant with harmful effects on
the eyes, throat & lungs of humans, animals and will burn sensitive plants;
• However, the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is beneficial, preventing
potentially damaging ultraviolet light from reaching the Earth's surface.
• Ozone is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere.
• It has many industrial and consumer applications.

4 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) • Nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) is one of the most prominent air pollutants of the
several nitrogen oxides.
• It is a reddish-brown toxic gas has a characteristic sharp, biting odor.
• NO2 is emitted from high temperature combustion & motor vehicle
emission.
5 Sulfur Oxides (SOx) • Especially sulfur dioxide (SO2 ).
• SO2 is produced by volcanoes, industrial process & combustion of fuel (eg:
petroleum & coal).
• Since coal and petroleum often contain sulfur compounds, their combustion
generates sulfur dioxide.
• Further oxidation of SO2, usually in the presence of a catalyst such as NO 2, forms
H2SO4, and thus acid rain.
• This is one of the causes for concern over the environmental impact of the use of
these fuels as power sources.

6 Methane (CH4) • Main component of natural gas.

• Sources:
Decayed organic matter
Digestive process of sheep & cattle.
• Methane is a relatively potent greenhouse gas.
• Compared with carbon dioxide, it has a high global warming potential .
• It is primarily removed by reaction with hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere,
producing carbon dioxide and water.
• Methane also affects the degradation of the ozone layer.
7 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) • Sources: Use in refrigerators, spray can & insulation.
• Inert (non reactive) gas when use but when escape to the upper
atmosphere can deplete the protective Ozone layer.
• Products with CFC are currently bannned from use.

8 Heavy metals • E.g.: lead, cadmium,copper & mercury contained in gases from motor
vehicles & burning incinerators.

Air pollution causes:

• Poor visibility
• Discomfort
• Danger to human comfort
 Green House
Gases
 Def:Gases in atmosphere that absorb & emit
radiation within the thermal infra-red (or heat)
range. (Heat is a form of light invisible to our eyes,
but detectable with our skin)
 This is the main cause of green house effect.
 Green house effect= Process radiactive energy
leaving a planet surface but some gases on the
atmosphere absorb this heat energy.
 E.g. main green house gases:
 water vapour,
 carbon dioxide,
 methane,
 nitrous oxide &
 ozone.

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Major Air pollution concerns
 Causes and effects
of air pollution:

• (1) greenhouse effect, (2)

particulate contamination,
• (3) increased UV radiation, (4)
acid rain, (5) increased ground
level ozone concentration,
• (6) increased levels of nitrogen
oxides.

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 SOIL
POLLUTION
Soil pollution is defined as
the build-up in soils of
persistent toxic
compounds, chemicals,
salts, radioactive materials,
or disease-causing agents,
which have adverse effects
on plant growth and animal
health.

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 Causes of Soil
Pollution

• Seepage from a landfill

• Discharge of industrial waste and e-waste into
the soil
• Percolation of contaminated water into the soil
• Rupture of underground storage tanks
• Excess application of pesticides, herbicides or
fertilizer (agrochemicals)
• Solid waste seepage

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 EFFECT OF
SOIL
POLLUTION

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 Soil Pollution
Sources Pollutants Description of Pollutant
Industrial process Heavy metals Heavy metals are toxic because they
Mining operation =A member of a loosely-defined accumulate in animal organs & may enter
Exhaust from subset of elements that exhibit the food chain of animals & then human.
motor vehicle metallic properties
E.g.: Mercury, lead

Smooth toadfish/smooth toado &

Atlantic Puffin are among the animals
that have accumulated toxic metal in
their organ due to soil pollution.
 Waste materials can be
broadly divided into
three categories:
• Muncipal soild wastes (ie. from homes, hotels
etc.)
• Special wastes (medical waste, construction
debris, asbestos, mining waste, agricultural
waste, radioactive waste, sewage sludge)
• Hazardous wastes : Waste with properties that
make it capable of harming human health or the
environment. eg. Electroplating wastes, spent
solvents, heavy metals in e- waste, wood
processing wastes.

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 Solid wastes
• Any non liqiud, non- soluble materials ranging
from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that
contain complex and sometimes hazardous
substances.
• It include;
• Garbage
• Rubbish
• Demolition wastes
• Sewage treatment residue
• Dead animals
• Manure and other discarded materials.

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 Types of Description Examples
Waste
Solid Waste Materials discarded from •Paper, plastics,
homes, office & factories. glass, waste food
& garden
Types of Waste trimmings.
•In bulk form,
rubble in
demolition waste

Hazardous • Waste that contain •Clinical waste

Waste (HW) substance that can •Chemical waste
threaten health & enviro.
• Characteristics:
poisonous, corrosive,
explosive, easily catch
fire, reacts strongly with
materials.
• Some HW cause harm to
humans, animals &
plants.

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Waste in Landfill

DEFINITION OF LANDFILL

• A landfill, also known as a dump, rubbish

dump or both, Rubbish Landfill Dump is a
site for the disposal of waste materials by
burial and is the oldest form of waste
treatment. Historically, landfills have been the
most common methods of organized waste
disposal and remain so in many places around
the world.
 Definition of
Brownfield Sites
• In the United States, a brownfield site (or simply a
brownfield) is land previously used for industrial
purposes or certain commercial uses. The land may be
contaminated by low concentrations of hazardous waste
or pollution and has the potential to be reused once it is
cleaned up.
• Land that is more severely contaminated and has high
concentrations of hazardous waste or pollution, such as
a Superfund site, does not fall under the brownfield
classification. Mothballed brownfields are properties
which the owners are not willing to transfer or put to
productive reuse.
• In the United Kingdom and Australia, the term applies
more generally to previously used land.

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 DEFINITION OF INCINERATOR
Waste in Incinerator
• Incineration is a waste treatment process that
INTRODUCTION involves the combustion of organic substances
contained in waste materials.
• Burning waste in incinerators
• Incineration and other high temperature waste
• Can be a source of energy treatment systems are described as "thermal
• But the combustion process release toxic treatment".

chemical, ash & metals into the air. • Incineration of waste materials converts the waste
into ash, flue gas, and heat. The ash is mostly
formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste,
and may take the form of solid lumps or
particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases
must be cleaned of gaseous and particulate
pollutants before they are dispersed into the
atmosphere. In some cases, the heat generated by
incineration can be used to generate electric power.
 Management of Radioactive Waste
• Of particular concern in nuclear waste management are two
long-lived fission products, Tc-99 (half-life 220,000 years)
and I-129 (half-life 17 million years), which dominate spent
fuel radioactivity after a few thousand years.
• The most troublesome transuranic elements in spent fuel are
Np-237 (half-life two million years) and Pu-239 (half life
24,000 years).
• Nuclear waste requires sophisticated treatment and
management to successfully isolate it from interacting with
the biosphere.
• This usually necessitates treatment, followed by a long-term
management strategy involving storage, disposal or
transformation of the waste into a non-toxic form.
• Governments around the world are considering a range of
waste management and disposal options, though there has
been limited progress toward long-term waste management
solutions.
 What is thermal
pollution?
Thermal pollution may be defined as:
• Addition of excess of undesirable heat to
water that makes it harmful to man, animal
or aquatic life or otherwise causes
significant departures from the normal
activities of aquatic communities in water

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 The sources of Thermal pollution mainly
include:
1. Nuclear Power Plants
2. Coal fired Power Plants
3. Industrial effluents
4. Domestic sewage
5. Hydro-electric power

Sources of
Thermal Pollution
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 Nuclear Power
Plants
 Emissions from nuclear reactors and
processing installations are responsible for
increasing the temperature of water bodies.
 The operation of power reactors and nuclear
fuel processing units constitute the major
contributor of heat in the aquatic environment.
 The liquid radioactive water consists of H-3,
C-14, Fe-59 and Co-60 along with corrosion
products.
 In addition, accidental leakage of radiation
from nuclear reactors in water raises the
temperature of surrounding aquatic system.
 Heated effluents from power plants are
discharged at 10º C higher than the coolant
receiving waters and severely affected the
aquatic flora and fauna.
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  These are the major source
of thermal pollutants.
 Their condenser coils are
cooled with water from
nearby lake or river and
discharge the hot water back
to the stream increasing the
temperature of nearby water
to about 15º C.
 The heated effluents
decrease the DO content of
water resulting in the killing
of fish and other marine
organisms.

Coal fired power plants

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  The industries like textile,
paper and pulp as well as
sugar release heat in water.

 The discharged water from

steam-electric power
industry using turbo
generators, will have higher
temperature ranging from
6ºC to 9ºC than the receiving
water.

Industrial Effluents
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 Domestic Sewage

 Domestic sewage is commonly discharged into

rivers, lakes, canals or streams with or with out
waste treatment.
 The municipal sewage has a higher temperature than
the receiving water.
 The discharged sewage not only raises the stream
temperature to a measurable extent, but also creates
numerous deleterious effects on aquatic biota.
 With the increase in temperature of the receiving
water, the DO content decreases and the demand of
oxygen increases .
 Hence, the anaerobic conditions will set up resulting
in the release of foul and offensive gases in water.
 The marine organisms which depend on the
dissolved oxygen of the surface water will die out.

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 Hydro- electric power

 Generation of hydro electric power,

sometimes results in negative thermal loading
in water systems.
 Apart from electrical power industries,
various factories with cooling requirement
contribute to thermal loading.

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 Impacts of Thermal Pollution
The harmful impacts of thermal pollution mainly include: c. Change in metabolic rate-
• Fishes show a marked rise in basal rate of metabolism with temperature to lethal point.
 Reduction in Dissolved Oxygen- • The respiratory rate, oxygen demand, food uptake and swimming speed in fishes'
increase
Concentration of dissolved oxygen decreases with increase in temperature of
water. Increased vulnerability to disease -
• Activities of several pathogenic microorganisms are accelerated by high temperature.
 Change in water properties- • Hot water causes bacterial disease in Salmon fish.
Invasion of destructive organisms -
A rise in temperature changes the physical and chemical properties of water.
• Thermal pollutants may permit the invasion of organisms that are tolerant to warm water
 The vapour pressure increases sharply, while the viscosity of water and highly destructive.
decreases.
Undesirable changes in algae production –
The decrease in density, viscosity and solubility of gases increases the • The life in an aquatic ecosystem is greatly influenced by the growth of algae.
settling speed of suspended particles which seriously affects the food supply • Excess nutrients from the wash out waters from farmlands, combined with thermal
of aquatic organisms. pollution cause an excessive algal growth with consequent acceleration of eutrophic and
other undesirable changes.
 Interference with biological activities –

a. The temperature changes totally disrupt the entire ecosystem

Temperature is of vital significance to physiology, metabolism and

biochemical process in controlling respiratory rates, digestion, excretion and
overall development of aquatic organisms.

b. Interference with reproduction-

In fishes, several activities like nest building, spawning, hatching, migration,

reproduction etc depend on some optimum temperature. The warm water not
only disturbs spawning, but also destroys laid eggs.

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 Control of
Thermal Pollution

Control of thermal pollution is an extreme

necessity, since in future its detrimental
effects on aquatic ecosystem may be
worse.
The following methods can be adopted for
the control of thermal pollution:
1. Cooling Towers
2. Cooling Ponds
3. Artificial Lakes

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 1. Cooling Towers
 The use of water from water systems for cooling purposes,
with subsequent return to the water way after passage through
the condenser is termed as cooling process.
 Cooling towers transfer some of the heat from cooling water to
the surrounding atmosphere by the process of evaporation.
2. Cooling Ponds
 Cooling ponds or reservoirs constitute the simplest method of
cooling thermal discharges.
 Heated effluents on the surface of water in cooling ponds
maximize dissipation of heat to the atmosphere and minimize the
water area and volume.
3. Artificial lakes
 Artificial lakes are man-made bodies of water which offer
possible alternative to once through cooling.
 The heated effluents can be discharged into the lake at one end
and the water for cooling purposes may be withdrawn from the
other end.
 The heat is eventually dissipated through evaporation. So, these
lakes have to be rejuvenated continuously.
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RADIATION

HOW IT WORKS EXAMPLE

• Radiation occurs when unstable nuclei of • When uranium ore is extracted from the earth,
atoms decay and release particles. most of the uranium is removed from the
• Each radioactive element on the list gives off crushed rock during the milling process, but
either alpha radiation or beta radiation -and the radioactive decay products are left in the
sometimes gamma radiation too - thereby tailings.
transforming itself into the next element • Thus 85 percent of the radioactivity of the
original ore is discarded in the mill tailings.
 Man-made
radiation sources

18% that result in an exposure to

members of the public:
 Tobacco (thorium)
 Televisions (tritium)
 Medical X-rays (americium)
 Smoke detectors (americium),
 Lantern mantles (thorium)
 Nuclear medicine (tritium)
 Building materials ( radon.
tritium)

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Example of radioactive pollution sources
COAL MEDICAL WASTES
• Coal contains a small amount of radioactive uranium, • Radioactive medical waste tends to contain beta particle and
gamma ray emitters. It can be divided into two main classes. In
barium, thorium and potassium, but, in the case of
diagnostic nuclear medicine a number of short-lived gamma
pure coal, this is significantly less than the average emitters such as technetium-99m are used. Many of these can be
concentration of those elements in the Earth's crust. disposed of by leaving it to decay for a short time before disposal
as normal waste.
Oil and gas
• Other isotopes used in medicine include:
• Residues from the oil and gas industry often contain • with half-lives in parentheses,
radium and its decay products.
• Y-90, used for treating lymphoma (2.7 days)
• The sulfate scale from an oil well can be very radium • I-131, used for thyroid function tests and for treating thyroid
rich, while the water, oil and gas from a well often cancer (8.0 days)
contain radon. • Sr-89, used for treating bone cancer, intravenous injection (52
days)
• The radon decays to form solid radioisotopes which
• Ir-192, used for brachytherapy (74 days)
form coatings on the inside of pipework.
• Co-60, used for brachytherapy and external radiotherapy (5.3 yrs)
Effects of Radiation Exposure on Human Health

THE COMMON TYPES OF RADIATION

DOSES DETECTORS INCLUDE:

• Although a dose of just 25 rems causes some detectable • Ionization (Ion) Chamber
changes in blood, doses to near 100 rems usually have
no immediate harmful effects. • Radon Detectors
• Doses above 100 rems cause the first signs of • Geiger-Mueller counter.
• radiation sickness including:
• nausea
• vomiting
• headache
• some loss of white blood cells

• Genetic effects and the development of cancer are the

primary health concerns attributed to radiation exposure.
EQUIPMENT TO MEASURE RADIATION

AT1103M X-RAY RADIATION DOSIMETER

 Unique highly-sensitive devise for measuring

radiation exposure on crystalline lens, mucus
membranes and skin.
 Measures directed dose equivalent rate of
continuous X-ray radiation with energy from
5 keV.
International radioactive waste hazard symbol featuring the trefoil design.

Nuclear fallout is the distribution of radioactive contamination

by a nuclear explosion.
Contamination may occur from radioactive gases, liquids or
particles.
 Noise Pollution
• PLEASE REFER TO LECTURE 5

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