Vaccines in Swine Production

VACCINES IN SWINE
PRODUCTION
Prepared by:
BENJAMINE A. RODRIGO- BSA 3
Vaccination involves exposing the pig
to the protein components (called the
antigen) of the infectious agent. Some
vaccines contain living organisms that
have been altered so that They cannot
produce disease but still produce an
immunity. Most contain killed or
inactivated organisms.
The immune system responds by
producing antibodies that destroy
the infectious agents, usually in co-
operation with specialized body
cells or by neutralizing the toxins
that are responsible for the disease.
This process of stimulating
immunity is called vaccination.
VACCINE contain antigens from viruses,
bacteria, bacterial toxins, or parasites. They are
given to pigs, usually by injection, to stimulate an
immune response which will protect the pigs
against later natural infection with the organism
from which the vaccine was derived. Most
stimulate both a humoral response and a cell-
mediated response.
Vaccines can either contain viable organisms that

will multiply in the pig, or inactivated ones that
will not multiply in the pig.
In live vaccines the organism has usually been attenuated
(i.E. Its virulence has been reduced) so that although it
multiples in the pig it does not normally cause disease.
Examples are the PRRS vaccine, aujeszky's disease
(pseudorabies) vaccines and classical swine fever vaccines.
Live attenuated vaccines have the advantage that because
they multiply in the pig they give a bigger antigenic
stimulus resulting in stronger longer-lasting immunity. They
have the disadvantage that they may become inactivated in
wrong storage conditions (e.G. Heat) or during dosing, by
exposure to antiseptics or disinfectants, and are then
useless. It is also important that they are stable and not able
to return to full virulence.
Inactivated (dead) vaccines may contain
whole organisms, antigenic parts of organisms
or antigens which have been synthesized
chemically. Synthesized antigen vaccines are
still largely in the experimental stage.
The immunity produced by inactivated

vaccines can be enhanced by substances
called adjuvants such as aluminum hydroxide
of certain types of oil. You should take care,
however, if you use vaccines with oily
adjuvants because they can cause serious local
reactions if you accidentally inject them into
yourself, e. G. Your hand.
Inactivated vaccines may also contain toxins
which have been modified so that they still
stimulate an immune response but are no
longer toxic to the animal. Toxins which have
been modified in this way are called toxoids.
The classic vaccine of this type is the tetanus
toxoid which is used commonly in horses but
rarely in pigs. In pigs, some of the E. Coli
vaccines against piglet diarrhea and the
clostridial vaccines against piglet dysentery
contain toxoids.
Autogenous vaccines
autogenous vaccines are
bacterial vaccines that are
manufactured from the specific
pathogenic bacteria isolated from
the diseased pig. They are
usually made under a licence for
use only on that farm. You
should consult with your
veterinarian. These are available
from salus (QP) ltd.
Autogenous vaccines
They can be useful when serious disease outbreaks
occur and standard commercial vaccines are not
available. Such vaccines could be made from most
bacteria including :-
-actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
-E. Coli
-haemophilus parasuis
-pasteurella
-salmonella
-streptococcus suis
-staphylococcus hyicus (greasy pig disease)
One drawback to vaccinating a herd is that
you cannot then use blood tests to check
whether the organism is present in the herd
or not. All the pigs will test positive which has
obvious implications for an eradication
programme based on blood tests, for example
the eradication of swine fever or aujeszky's
disease (pseudorabies). To get over this, gene-
deleted vaccines have been developed.
A part of the organism's gene which
codes for an antigen has been removed
so that when the organism multiplies
in the pig it does not stimulate
antibodies against that antigen. Special
blood tests can then distinguish
between the array of disease antibodies
and those stimulated by the vaccine. A
new generation of such gene
manipulated vaccines, and possibly
also synthetic polypeptide vaccines,
can be anticipated.
Autogenous vaccines are those
prepared with infectious pathogens
from the herd which is to be
vaccinated. The causal organisms
has to be isolated, grown up, killed,
and made into a safe vaccine form.
Autogenous vaccines may be useful
when serious disease outbreaks
occur and standard commercial
vaccines are not available.
Vaccine usage
Fig.4-14 lists the pig diseases for which
vaccines are available. This list is not
exhaustive and some vaccines will be
available in some countries and not in
others. However they are used in most
countries both to protect against disease
and to assist in eradication programmes.
Some examples of commercial vaccines
available are shown in chapter 4 these are
but a few of the many available.
VACCINES Commonly used on pig farms
throughout the world include erysipelas,
parvovirus infection (SMEDI syndrome), E. Coli
diarrhea, clostridial dysentery of piglets,
enzootic pneumonia caused by mycoplasma
hyopneumoniae, necrotic pleuropneumonia
caused by actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and
atrophic rhinitis caused by toxigenic pasteurella
multocida. In many countries, vaccines against
disease, such as, salmonellosis, PRRS and TGE
are also used depending on commercial
availability.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VACCINES
This varies, because of the need to stimulate mucosal
immunity locally. As mentioned earlier, vaccines given
by injection against respiratory and intestinal disease
are generally not as effective as those against systemic
or generalised diseases. An exception to this is the
vaccine for enzootic pneumonia (M. Hyopneumoniae)
because it stimulates cell-mediated immunity.
If, however, they are fed or sprayed into the upper
respiratory tract they may produce a stronger local
immunity. The vaccine against piglet dysentery is a
toxoid and if given routinely to sows in adequate doses
is usually reasonably effective in providing passive
protection via the colostrum.
Sometimes vaccines do not work particularly well
on a farm and in such cases the following
possibilities need to be considered:
-the vaccine was contaminated.
-The vaccine was not capable of producing the required immunity.
-The pig was already incubating the disease when it was vaccinated.
-The vaccine had been incorrectly stored. High temperatures reduce the
effectiveness. --(Always keep vaccines in a refrigerator but do not freeze).
-The vaccine had been exposed to sunlight.
-The vaccine had gone out of date.
-The needle and syringe were dirty or faulty.
-Chemical sterilisation destroyed the
vaccine.
-The animal had inadvertently missed being
vaccinated. This is particularly common with
parvovirus vaccination in the gilt.
-Vaccine response was poor because there
was maternal antibody present.
-The vaccine was deposited in fat and was
not absorbed. Faulty injection techniques.
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VACCINES IN SWINE

Vaccines can either contain viable organisms that

The immunity produced by inactivated

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