Group 4 Endogenic and Exogenic Processes

Endogenic and
Exogenic
Processes
Endogenic
Processes
The processes within
Endogenic Processes
 It is associated with the energy
originating in the interior of the solid
earth.
 The ground we live on is moving all
the time and the forces within the
earth that cause the ground to move
are called endogenic forces.
Where does the earth’s internal heat
come from?
 The driving force is the thermal
energy of mantle. Most of the
thermal energy originates from the
decay and disintegration of
radioactive elements in earth’s core.
Endogenic Processes
• Magmatism
• Volcanism (Plutonism)
• Metamorphism
Magmatism
 Magma is the original material that make
up igneous rocks.
 Magmatism happens hen a magma is
generated and develops into igneous
(magmatic) rocks.
 The process an take place either under
the surface or on the surface of Earth.
Volcanism (Plutonism)
 Process that usually happens after the
magma is formed.
 Magma tries to escape from the source
through openings such as volcanoes or
existing cracks on the ground.
 As soon as magma reaches the surface of
the earth it is now called lava.
Metamorphism
 Process of changing the materials that make up
a rock.
 Chemical components and geologic
characteristics of the rock changed due to heat
and pressure that are increasing or decreasing.
Note: Rocks changing due to weathering and

sedimentation are not considered to have
undergone metamorphism.
Geological Stress
• Compressional
• Tensional
• Shearing
• Confining
Compressional
 Rock push or squeeze against one
another, the stress produced is
directed toward the center.
 Compressional stress usually
what takes place in folding, which
results in mountain building.
Tensional
 Rocks are pulled apart. Rocks may
separate in opposite directions or
move farther away from one another.
 This type of stress is what separated
all the continents in the world.
Shearing
 Some of the portions of a plate at
the edges may break away in
different directions, eventually
making the plate smaller in size.
The friction caused by this stress
can cause earthquakes.
Confining
 The crust becomes compact,
making it look smaller. This is
different from shearing as none of
the crust’s edges break away. This
stress can cause sinkholes where
the inside portion of the ground
has already disintegrated without
being apparent.
Exogenic
Processes
Exogenic Processes occur on or
near the surface of the earth.
These processes are usually
influenced or driven by gravity,
water, wind, and organisms.
Exogenic Processes
• Weathering
• Erosion
• Mass Wasting
• Sedimentation
Weathering
 The disintegration of rocks, soil, and
minerals together with other
materials through contact with
earth’s subsystems. This process
happens even without movement or
transportation.
Types of Weathering
• Physical Weathering
• Biological Weathering
• Chemical Weathering
Physical Weathering is the
breakdown of rocks by mechanical
forces concentrated along rock
fractures. This can occur due to
changes, weather sudden or not, in
temperature, pressure, etc.
Drought Frost Wedging
Biological Weathering the
weakening and subsequent
disintegration of rock by plants,
animals, and microbes. Living
organisms contribute to the
weathering process in many ways.
Roots Lichens
Chemical Weathering is the
process by which rocks break down
by chemical reactions. New or
secondary minerals develop and
sometimes replace the original
properties of the minerals in the
original rock or soil.
Types of Chemical Weathering
• Oxidation
• Hydrolysis
• Acid Rain
Oxidation
The reaction
of a substance
with oxygen.
Hydrolysis
The chemical
breakdown of a
substance when
combined with
water.
Acid Rain
May cause metals or rocks to corrode or deteriorate
and change their properties because of the reaction
to acids by some of the minerals.
Erosion
 The process of erosion moves rock
debris or soil from one place to
another. This process takes place
when there is rainfall, surface runoff,
flowing rivers, flooding, freezing,
hurricanes, etc.
Mass Wasting
 The movement of large masses of
materials (rock debris, soil, and mud)
down a slope or a step-sided hill or
mountain due to pull of gravity. This
process is very destructive in areas
with increased water flow.
Sedimentation
 The accumulation of materials such
as soil, rock fragments, and soil
particles settling on the ground. This
usually occurs in streams and sea
erosion. Over time, the sediment load
becomes thick and forms a new layer
of ground.
Group 4
Gianelli S. Pantilgan
Juvy O. Mission
Jovan Nick Patalinghug

Group 4 Endogenic and Exogenic Processes

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Note: Rocks changing due to weathering and

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