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Physics project Final

MTH (Indian Institute of Technology Goa)

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D e p e n d e n c e of
a n g l e of
dev iati on o n
a n g l e of
incidence
By-
Aim: To investigate dependence of angle of
deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow Chaitanya
prism filled one by one with different
transparent fluids.
Pantula
12-D

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S N B P I N T E R N AT I O N A L S C H O O L
M O RWA D I , P I M P R I , P U N E
C B S E A F F I L I AT I ON NO. 1 1 3 0 5 2 2

Certificate
This is to certify that Chaitanya Pantula of Class –
12D
Has successfully completed the project-

“Dependence of angle of deviation on angle of

incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one
with different transparent fluids” Under the
guidance and observation of

During the academic session 2022-2023, in the partial

fulfillment of Practical Examination conducted by AISSCE-
2023.

Signature of the Teacher with Date-

Signature of the Principal with Date-

School Seal:

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A ck n o w le d g e
ment

I, C h a i t a n y a P a n t u l a

Student of S N B P International School, Morwadi, Pimpri,

Pune; affiliated to CBSE Board vide Affiliation No. 1130522;
would like to express my gratitude to the Institution for the
support and knowledge I received in the school. I feel in
debt towards Principal Sweta Paithankar Madam and my
teacher
who gave me an opportunity to
do
the p r o j e c t “Dependence of angle of dev iation
on angle of incidence u si n g a hollow prism filled
one by one with different transparent fluids”.
I, once again thank the school for providing me all the
facilities and excellent education. I am also grateful to
my friends and family for their faith in me.
Thank You All!

Signature of Student
—————————————- Date
_____________________
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Signature of the Receiver

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IN D E X
Sr. Sub-topic Pa g e Number
No.:
1 Cover Pa g e 1

2 Certificate 2

3 Acknowledgement 3

4 Index 4

5 Aim and Apparatus Required 5

6 Theory 6

7 Process 7-8

8 Observations 9-11

9 Conclusion 12

10 Precautions 13

11 Bibliography 14

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Aim/Objectives:
The aim of this project is to investigate dependence of angle
of deviation on angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled
one by one with different transparent fluids.

Hypothesis:

The hypothesis of this project is –

• The angle of deviation increases with increase in angle

of incidence.

• The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid

used in the hollow prism for deviation.

A p p a ra t u s Required:

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1 . Hollow g las s pris m

2 . Liquids
like-
Carbon Disulphide Water Benzaldehyde

3. Bell pins

4. Stiff drawing board

Theory:

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• A prism is a transparent optical object with flat,

polished surfaces that refract light. Prisms can be made
from any material that is transparent including glass
and even plastic.

• A prism can be used to break light up into its

constituent spectral colors. Prisms can also be used to
reflect light, or to split light into components with
different polarizations.

• The refractive index of the liquid is given by the

formula:

U= =

Where-
U=refractive index of the liquid.
a = angle of minimum
deviation d= a n g l e of prism
i=angle of incidence
r=angle of
refraction

D ia g ra m s :

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Process:

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• Fix a white sheet of paper on the drawing board with

help of pins.
• Keep the prism on the paper and draw its outline as
∆ABC
• Drop a normal PQ on the side AB.
• Draw the angle of incidence in accordance with the
normal PQ and place 2 pins so that they appear to be in
the straight line.

• Place the prism filled with given sample of liquid on the

marked outline ABC.

• Now take the pins and place them on the side AC so

that all the 4 pins appear to be in s ame line.

• Remove the prism and draw the line joining the points
so obtained.

• Mark the diagram as shown in the figure below

• Repeat this with different liquids and different angle of

incidence.

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Observations:

The following are the observation tables of each of the

liquids used to find out their respective refractive indices-

• Benzaldehyde:
Sr. No.: A n g l e of A n g l e of A n g l e of
prism incidence deviation

1. 60 30 45

2. 60 35 42

3. 60 37.5 40

4. 60 39 42
5. 60 40 45

U= = 1.504

• Water:

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Sr. No. A n g l e of A n g l e of A n g l e of
prism incidence deviation

1. 60 30 25

2. 60 35 22

3. 60 40 20

4. 60 45 22
5. 60 50 25

6. 60 55 28

U= = 1.306

• Dilute Sulphuric Acid:

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Sr. No. A n g l e of A n g l e of A n g l e of
prism incidence deviation

1. 60 20 33

2. 60 30 30

3. 60 35 25

4. 60 40 29

5. 60 45 30

U= = 1.351

G ra ph i c a l r epr es e n ta ti o n of o b s e r v a t i o n s :

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Conclu s ion:
The refractive indices change when the liquid used in the
prism changes. From the above experiment we can also

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conclude that refractive index of a liquid depends on its

optical density.
Refractive indices of the used liquids obtained, when
compared with the actual values are as follows-
1. Benzaldehyde:
Actual = 1.5456
Obtained = 1.504
Deviation/Error =
0.0416

2. Water:
Actual = 1.33
Obtained = 1.306
Deviation/Error =
0.024

3. Dil. Sulphuric Acid

Actual = 1.43
Obtained = 1.351
Deviation/Error =
0.079

A n a l y s i s a n d Interpretation:

From the observations above, we can analyze that the angle

of deviation is depending on the liquid present in the prism

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as, the angle of deviation is different for Benzaldehyde,

water and dilute sulphuric acid at 30 (45, 25 and 30
respectively).

We can also see that the angle of deviation does depend on

the angle of incidence, as when the angle of incidence is
changed the angle of deviation also changes.

The theoretical values of all the angle of deviations for all

liquids m a y vary due to different concentration and different
prisms being used for the experiment. The observations
m a y also be affected by the physical conditions like
humidity and temperature of surroundings.

C o n c lu s i o n s :

Comparing the conclusions to our initial hypothesis, we can

say that

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Our first hypothesis, i.e. “The angle of deviation increases

with increase in angle of incidence” is wrong as the angle of
deviation first decreases then increases with increase in
angle of incidence.

We can further conclude that our second hypothesis, i.e.

”The angle of deviation does not depend on the liquid used
in the hollow prism for deviation” is also wrong.

P re c a u ti o n s :

• Angle of incidence should be between 3 5 and 6 0 for better

observations and accurate readings.

• Pins should be vertically fixed and should not be bent or

damaged as reading can change.

• S a m e hollow prism should be used for all observations to

minimize error due to prism.

• Error or deviation in obtained refractive indices must not

be more than 0.1.

• The distance between the pins should be more than

10mm

A p p lica tio n s :

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⇨ Refractive index has the large number of applications.

It is mostly applied for identify a particular substance,
confirm its purity, or measure its concentration.

⇨ Generally it is used to measure the concentration of a

solute in an aqueous solution. For a solution of sugar,
the refractive index can be used to determine the
sugar content.

⇨ It can be used to determine the drug concentration in

pharmaceutical industry.

⇨ It is used to calculate focus power of lenses and

dispersing power of prisms.

Bi b li o g ra p h y :

https://studylib.net/doc/25306864/dlscrib.com-hollow-

prism-physics-investigatory-project-cl

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http://www.refractometer.pl/refraction-datasheet-sulfuric-
acid

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jp0310145#:~:text=Th
e
%20re fractive%20index%20of%20water%20is%20obtain
ed
%20from%20the%20displacement,at%20633%20nm%3B
% 2 0 1 . 3 3 1 % 2 0 5 8.

https://www.scribd.com/document/442279835/PROJECT-ON-
REFRACTIVE-INDEX-OF-DIFFERENT-LIQUIDS

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