Bio 1 Day 2

Carbohydrates and Lipids
of Biological Molecules
Objective
• In this lesson, you will be able to:
1. Classify and describe the three macronutrients
2. Understand its function in our body
• What do humans get from food?
• Heterotrophs, such as human beings, obtain energy and
raw materials from food. These are important for cell
growth, cell division, metabolism,
• repair, and maintenance of the body. Nutrients can be
classified as either organic nutrients (i.e., those that
contain carbon such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins, and nucleic acids) or inorganic nutrients (i.e.,
those that do not contain carbon such as water and
mineral salts).
•
What are the macronutrients?
• CARBOHYDRATES
• PROTEIN
• LIPIDS
• NUCLEIC ACID
What are carbohydrates?
• Carbohydrates (CHO) - are organic compounds made
up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. This means that the
hydrogen and oxygen atoms are present in a ratio of 2:1.
For example, glucose has a formula of C6H12O6.
Carbohydrates are usually good sources of raw materials
for other organic molecules and energy. One gram of
carbohydrates provides four food calories or 16 kJ of
energy. In the human diet, carbohydrates mainly come
from plants although they are found in all organisms.
How are carbohydrates classified?
• They are classified based on the number of
carbon atoms they are made up.
Carbohydrates can be classified into three
main categories, according to increasing
complexity:
• monosaccharides (mono means single and
sacchar means sugar)
• Triose – such as glyceraldehyde (C3H6O3)
• Pentose – such as Ribose (C5H10O5)
• Glucose - (C6H12O6)
• disaccharides (di means two)
• polysaccharides (poly means many)
• The chemical structures of carbohydrates contain carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Two basic compounds make
up carbohydrates: Aldehydes, which are double-bonded
carbon and oxygen atoms, plus a hydrogen atom, and
ketones, which are double-bonded carbon and oxygen
atoms, plus two additional carbon atoms.
• Carbohydrates can combine to form polymers,
or chains, to create different types of
carbohydrates. Carbohydrate can be
monosaccharides, disaccharides, or
polysaccharides.
Monosaccharides are single units of sugar.
• Glucose - the body’s main source of energy

• Galactose - which is most readily available in milk
and dairy products
• Fructose - which mostly occurs in fruits and
vegetables.
Disaccharides are two sugar molecules joined
together.
• Lactose - found in milk, which is made up of glucose
and galactose
• Sucrose - or table sugar, which is made up of glucose
and fructose.
• Maltose - a sugar produced by the breakdown of starch,
e.g. by enzymes found in malt and saliva. It is a
disaccharide consisting of two linked glucose units.
Polysaccharides are chains of many sugars. They can consist of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides. Polysaccharides act as food
stores for plants and animals.
• Glycogen - which stores energy in the liver and

muscles
• Starches - which are abundant in potatoes, rice, and
wheat
• Cellulose - one of the main structural components of
plants
Simple and complex carbohydrates
• Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple

carbohydrates, and polysaccharides are
complex carbohydrates.
Simple carbohydrates
• They consist of just one or two molecules.

They provide a rapid source of energy, but the
person soon feels hungry again.
• Examples: white bread, sugars, and
candies.
Complex carbohydrates
• consist of long chains of sugar molecules. This includes whole

grains and foods that contain fiber.
•Examples include fruits, vegetables, beans, and whole grain
pasta.
• Complex carbohydrates make a person feel full for longer and
have more health benefits than simple carbohydrates, as they
contain more vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
• Lipids are a class of large biomolecules that are not formed through
polymerization. They have diverse structures but are all non-polar
and mix poorly, if at all, with water. They may have some oxygen
atoms in their structure, but the bulk is composed of abundant
nonpolar C-H bonds. They function for energy storage, providing
nine food calories or 37 kJ of energy per gram. They also function for
the cushioning of vital organs and for insulation.
Its function
•A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in

water. They include fats, waxes, oils, hormones, and certain components
of membranes and function as energy-storage molecules and chemical
messengers.
• They play important roles in plasma membrane structure and serve as
precursors for important reproductive hormones.
• Major types include fats and oils, waxes,
phospholipids, and steroids. Fats are a stored form of
energy and are also known as triacylglycerols or
triglycerides. Fats are made up of fatty acids and either
glycerol or sphingosine.
What are the benefits of lipids?
Lipids play diverse roles in the normal functioning of the body:
 they serve as the structural building material of all

membranes of cells and organelles.
 they provide energy for living organisms - providing more
than twice the energy content compared with
carbohydrates and proteins on a weight basis.
 they function as molecular messengers and signaling
molecules in the body.
Activity
1. What are the significance of

carbohydrates in our daily life?
2. What are the important role of lipids to
our body?

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Carbohydrates and Lipids

• Glucose - the body’s main source of energy

• Glycogen - which stores energy in the liver and

• Monosaccharides and disaccharides are simple

• They consist of just one or two molecules.

• consist of long chains of sugar molecules. This includes whole

•A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in

 they serve as the structural building material of all

1. What are the significance of

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