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Presentation title 1
Adverbs
&
Adverbials
A
Agenda
Adverb
Types of Adverbs
Adverbials
Adjunct Adverbials
Disjunct Adverbials
Conjunct Adverbials
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What is Adverb?
- An adverb modifies a verb, adjectives,
determiner, clause, preposition, or sentence. It
can tell how something is done and how
much or how many of something you have .
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Types of Adverb
Adverb of Time
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Adverb of Place
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Adverb of Manner
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Adverb of Degree
These adverbs tell the level of intensity of a verb,
adjective, or even another verb. Some examples are
almost, quite, nearly, too, enough, just, hardly, simply, so,
etc.
Examples
: • Can we go watch Spiderman 2, too?
• He is so excited to meet his new classmates.
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Adverb of Frequency
These adverbs of frequency describe how often the verb or
action occurs. They are placed before the main verb of a
sentence. Some of these are never, always, rarely,
sometimes, normally , seldom, usually, again, etc.
Examples
: • He never eats breakfast of his work schedule.
• He usually calls from overseas to ask how I am doing.
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The Three Degrees of Comparison of
Adverbs
There are three Often, adverbs are
degrees of compared using more and
most.
comparison –
the positive, the 1. Lino came quickly. [Positive]
comparative 2. Hazel came more quickly.
[Comparative]
and the 3. Jennie came most quickly.
superlative [Superlative]
.
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A few adverbs are compared by means of the
endings ER and EST.
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Note:
(1) Good and bad are not adverbs
(2)Ill and well, better and best and worse
and worst maybe used as adverbs or
adjectives.
(3) RATHER can be used as comparative.
Use of Comparative Adverb and Superlative Adverb
Examples:
Ruben is the more agreeable of the two.
Elmar is the most agreeable of all the family.
Jaden runs faster than Raffny.
Lawrence fastest of the three.
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When two adjectives or adverbs contrast
by means of than, MORE is used with the
first.
1. Such absolution is more kind than wise.
2. This arrangement is more kind than honest.
3. He acts more boldly than discreetly.
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Adverbials
Adjunct Adverbials, Disjunct Adverbials, Conjunct Adverbials
What is Adverbials?
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Adjunct adverbials Adjunct adverbials (aA) generally answer one of the
following questions:
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The four most common types of adjunct adverbials are manner, time, place, and reason.
The examples given above show AdvPs, PPs, and Ss functioning as adverbials. NP’s can also
occasionally function as adverbials; these fall into a number of different types:
VP V PP
AdvP
NP
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Our rule for V– is then the following;
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where there is an adverbial of place (here), time (today), and reason (for a breather). If there
is more than one adverbial present, there will have to be more that one V– node; thus we
need to revise our rule for V– as follows:
V → Vgp ({NP({NP,AP,PP}),AP,PP(PP)})
V ({PP,AdvP,NP})
NP
VP
PRO
V P
WE P
For bad weather
V NP
today
Vgp AdvP
HINT: In drawing your
tree diagram, it is best in
these cases to work came here
backwards from the
end of the sentence
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As many as four adverbials may occur,
although the order does not seem to be entirely
fixed, e.g. He left [for town] [quickly] [a few
minutes ago] [for help]
Corpus examples show us that adverbials are very free in their placement, appearing in
different positions in the sentence, not just sentence final:
sentence initial Yesterday I saw her blow a bubble. (COCA: FIC)
sentence final Roads remained dangerous and slow in many parts of the
region yesterday. (COCA: NEWS)
preverbal You always see new faces at those stops. (COCA: NEWS)
after the verb complement They sold their house quickly for a big profit.
(COCA: FIC)
within the auxiliary My mother and I have always been exceptionally close.
(COCA: MAG 27
The various types of adverbials behave differently, however; while
all can occur sentence finally, time adverbials are acceptable
sentence initially and sometimes preverbally, place adverbials are
clumsy sentence initially, and manner adverbials frequently occur
preverbally but are less good sentence initially. One position which
is impossible for adverbials is between the verb and the direct
object (e.g. *They sold quickly their house for a big profit). We
will ignore the different positions of the adverbial. No matter what
their position in surface structure, we will generate all adjunct
adverbials in sentence-final position in D-structure and assume that
they are moved in a later operation.
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Disjunct Adverbials
In the first sentence, seriously means ‘in a serious manner’, while in the
second it means ‘I am being serious when I say’
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Conjunct Adverbials
The third type of adverbial is the conjunct adverbial (cA). Traditionally,
these are known as conjunctive adverbs. They express textual relations,
serving to link clauses; they have no function in their own clause. They
may be AdvPs or PPs;
AdvP: moreover, however, nonetheless, nevertheless, furthermore, next,
finally, consequently, therefore, thus, instead, indeed, besides, hence
PP: in addition, in conclusion, on the contrary, on one/the other hand,
in other words, for example, as a result, in the second place
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Conjunct adverbials denote a logical connection
between the clause that follows and the clause or
clauses that precede: for example, the second clause
may express result (hence), contrast (however), addition
(moreover), apposition (namely), summation (overall),
listing (next), inference (then), and several other
connections. Like disjunct adverbials, conjunct
adverbials are sisters of S; the rule given in the
preceding section thus generates conjunct as well as
disjunct adverbials.
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Thankyou.