OPERATING

SYSTEMS
What is an Operating
System?
An operating system is a program that controls the
execution of application programs and acts as an
interface between the user of a computer and the
computer hardware.
Operating Systems can
Perform with:

CONVENIENVE EFFICIENCY ABILITY TO EVOLVE

An OS allows the computer system An OS is constructed in such a way as to permit

An OS makes a computer more resources to be used in an efficient the effective development, testing and
convenient to use. manner introduction of new system functions.
FUNCTIONS OF
OPERATING SYSTEM
SECURITY
The operating system uses password protection to protect user
data and similar other techniques. it also prevents unauthorized
access to programs and user data.
CONTROL OVER SYSTEM
ERFORMANCE
Monitors overall system health to help improve performance.
records the response time between service requests and system
response to have a complete view of the system health.
JOB ACCOUNTING
Operating system keeps track of time and resources used by
various tasks and users, this information can be used to track
resource usage for a particular user or group of user.
ERROR DETECTING AIDS
Operating system constantly monitors the system to detect
errors and avoid the malfunctioning of computer system.
COORDINATION
BETWEEN OTHER
SOFTWARE AND USER
Operating systems also coordinate and assign interpreters,
compilers, assemblers and other software to the various users
of the computer systems.
MEMORY MANAGEMENT
The operating system manages the primary memory or main
memory. It keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., which bytes
of memory are used by which user program.
PROCESSOR
MANAGEMENT
In a multi programming environment, the OS decides the order
in which processes have access to the processor, and how
much processing time each process has.
DEVICE MANAGEMENT
An OS manages device communication via their respective
drivers. Keeps tracks of all devices connected to system.
designates a program responsible for every device known as
the Input/Output controller.
FILE MANAGEMENT
An operating system carries out the following file management
activities. It keeps track of where information is stored, user
access settings and status of every file and more.
OPERATING SYSTEM
SERVICES
PROGRAM EXECUTION
The operating system utilizes various resources available for
the efficient running of all types of functionalities.
HANDLING
INPUT/OUTPUT
OPERATIONS
The operating system is responsible for handling all sort of
inputs, i.e, from keyboard, mouse, desktop, etc. The operating
system does all interfacing in the most appropriate manner
regarding all kind of inputs and outputs.
MANIPULATION OF
FILE SYSTEM
The operating system is responsible for making of decisions
regarding the storage of all types of data or files, i.e, floppy
disk/hard disk/pen drive, etc. The operating system decides as
how the data should be manipulated and stored.
ERROR DETECTION
AND HANDLING
The operating system is responsible for detection of any types
of error or bugs that can occur while any task.
RESOURCE
ALLOCATION
The operating system ensures the proper use of all the
resources available by deciding which resource to be used by
whom for how much time.
ACCOUNTING
The operating system tracks an account of all the
functionalities taking place in the computer system at a time.
All the details such as the types of errors occurred are recorded
by the operating system.
INFORMATION AND
RESOURCE
PROTECTION
The operating system is responsible for using all the
information and resources available on the machine in the most
protected way.
TYPES OF
OPERATING
SYSTEM
BATCH OPERATING
SYSTEM
This type of operating system does not interact with the
computer directly. There is an operator which takes similar
jobs having the same requirement and group them into batches.
 ADVANTAGES

1 2 3 4
It is very difficult to Multiple users can The idle time for It is easy to manage
guess or know the share the batch batch system is large work repeatedly
time required by systems. very less. in batch systems.
any job to
complete.
Processors of the
batch systems know
how long the job
would be when it is
in queue.
 DISADVANTAGES

1 2 3 4

The computer Batch systems are It is sometimes The other jobs will
operators should be hard to debug. costly. have to wait for an
well known with unknown time if any
batch systems. job fails.
TIME-SHARING
OPERATION SYSTEMS
These systems are also known as Multitasking Systems. Each
task is given some time to execute, so that all the tasks work
smoothly.The time that each task gets to execute is called
quantum.
 ADVANTAGES

1 2 3

Each task gets an Less chances of CPU idle time can

equal opportunity. duplication of be reduced.
software.
 DISADVANTAGES

1 2 3

Reliability One must have to Data

problem. take care of communication
security and problem.
integrity of user
programs and data.
DISTRIBUTED
OPERATING SYSTEM
These are referred as loosely coupled systems or distributed
systems. Various autonomous interconnected computers
communicate each other using a shared communication
network.
 ADVANTAGES

1 2 3 4 5 6
Failure of one will Electronic mail Since resources are Load on host These systems are Delay in data
not affect the other increases the data being shared, computer reduces. easily scalable as processing reduces.
network exchange speed. computation is many systems can
communication, as highly fast and be easily added to
all systems are durable. the network.
independent from
each other.
 DISADVANTAGES

1 2 3

Failure of the main To establish These types of

network will stop distributed systems systems are not
the entire the language which readily available as
communication. are used are not they are very
well defined yet. expensive. Not only
that the underlying
software is highly
complex and not
understood well yet
.
NETWORK
OPERATING
SYSTEM
Historically operating systems with networking
capabilities were described as network operating
system, because they allowed personal computers
(PCs) to participate in computer networks and shared
file and printer access within a local area network
(LAN).
 ADVANTAGES

1 2 3 4

Highly stable Security concerns New technologies Server access are

centralized servers. are handled and hardware up- possible remotely
through servers. gradation are easily from different
integrated to the locations and types of
system. systems.
 DISADVANTAGES

1 2 3

Servers are costly . User has to depend Maintenance and

on central location updates are
for most required regularly.
operations.
REAL-TIME
OPERATING SYSTEM
These types of OSs are used in real-time systems. The time
interval required to process and respond to inputs is very small.
This time interval is called response time.
 ADVANTAGES
1 2 3 4 5 6
Maximum Task Shifting: Focus on Real time operating Error Free: These Memory Allocation:
Consumption: Time assigned for Application: Focus system in embedded types of systems Memory allocation is
Maximum shifting tasks in on running system: Since size of MUST be able to best managed in
utilization of these systems are applications and programs are small, deal with any these type of systems.
devices and system, very less. For less importance to RTOS can also be exceptions, so they
thus more output example in older applications which used in embedded are not really error
from all the systems it takes are in queue. systems like in free, but handle
resources. about 10 micro transport and others. error conditions
seconds in shifting without halting the
one task to another system.
and in latest
systems it takes 3
micro seconds.
 ADVANTAGES
1 2 3 4 5
Limited Tasks: Use heavy system Complex Device driver and Thread Priority: It
Very few tasks run resources: Algorithms: The interrupt signals: It is not good to set
at the same time Sometimes the algorithms are very needs specific device thread priority as
and their system resources complex and drivers and interrupt these systems are
concentration is are not so good and difficult for the signals to response very less prone to
very less on few they are expensive designer to write earliest to interrupts. switching tasks.
applications to as well. on.
avoid errors.
WINDOWS AND
LINUX
OPERATING
SYSTEM
WINDOWS OS
Windows O.S. is a program that manages
the computer since run it until shut down
it, it contains interfaces and tools that
facilitate user's work.
HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 1.0
HISTORY OF The history of Microsoft Windows dates
back to 1985, when Microsoft released
WINDOWS Microsoft Windows Version 1.01.
OPERATING Microsoft’s aim was to provide a friendly
user-interface known as a GUI (graphical
SYSTEM user interface) which allowed for easier
navigation of the system features.
 WINDOWS 1.0
HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 2.0 and 2.11
HISTORY OF Windows 2.0 was faster, more stable and

WINDOWS had more GUI features. The GUI was

very slightly improved but still looked too
OPERATING similar to Windows 1.01.The system
SYSTEM introduced the control panel and ran the
first versions of Excel and Word.
 WINDOWS 2.0 and 2.11
HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 3.0

HISTORY OF Windows 3.0 supported 16 colors and

WINDOWS included the casual games familiar to

most Windows users: Solitaire,
OPERATING Minesweeper and Hearts. Games that
SYSTEM required more processing power still ran
directly on MS-DOS.
 WINDOWS 3.0

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS
NEW
TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF
WINDOWS Windows NT's release marked the
completion of a side project to build a
OPERATING new, advanced OS. NT was 32-bit and
SYSTEM had a hardware abstraction layer.
 WINDOWS
NEW
TECHNOLOGY
HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 95
In 1995 Windows went through a major
HISTORY OF revamp and Microsoft Windows 95 was

WINDOWS released. This provided greatly improved

multimedia and a much more polished
OPERATING user interface. The now familiar desktop
SYSTEM and Start Menu appeared. Internet and
networking support was built in.
 WINDOWS 95

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 98
Microsoft Windows 98 was very similar
HISTORY OF to Windows 95, it offered a much tidier

WINDOWS display and enhanced multimedia

support. Microsoft improved speed and
OPERATING Plug and Play hardware support in
SYSTEM Windows 98. The company also debuted
USB support and the Quick Launch bar in
this release.
 WINDOWS 98

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS MILLENIUM
EDITION

HISTORY OF Windows ME (Millennium Edition) was

WINDOWS the last use of the Windows 95 codebase.

Its most notable new feature was System
OPERATING Restore. Many customers found this
SYSTEM release to be unstable. Some critics said
ME stood for "mistake edition."
 WINDOWS MILLENIUM
EDITION

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS XP

HISTORY OF Microsoft delivered Windows XP as the

first NT-based system with a version
WINDOWS aimed squarely at the home user. Home
OPERATING users and critics rated XP highly. The
system improved Windows appearance
SYSTEM with colorful themes and provided a more
stable platform.
 WINDOWS XP

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS VISTA
Microsoft hyped Windows Vista after the

HISTORY OF company spent a lot of resources to

develop a more polished appearance.
WINDOWS Vista had interesting visual effects but the
OPERATING OS was slow to start and run. Vista's
flaws -- coupled with the fact that many
SYSTEM older computers lacked the resources to
run the system -- led to many home and
business users staying with XP.
 WINDOWS VISTA

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 7

HISTORY OF Microsoft built Windows 7 on the Vista

kernel. Windows 7 picked up Vista's
WINDOWS visual capabilities but featured more
OPERATING stability. To many end users, the biggest
changes between Vista and Windows 7
SYSTEM were faster boot times, new user interface
and the addition of Internet Explorer 8.
 WINDOWS 7

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 8

HISTORY OF Microsoft released Windows 8 with a

number of enhancements and debuted its
WINDOWS tile based Metro user interface. Windows
OPERATING 8 took better advantage of multicore
processing, solid-state drives (SSD),
SYSTEM touchscreens and other alternate input
methods.
 WINDOWS 8

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
 WINDOWS 10
Microsoft announced Windows 10 in

HISTORY OF September 2014, skipping Windows 9

and launched on July 2015. Version 10
WINDOWS includes the Start menu, which was
OPERATING absent from Windows 8. A responsive
design feature called Continuum adapts
SYSTEM the interface depending on whether the
user works with a touch screen or a
keyboard and mouse for input.
 WINDOWS 10

HISTORY OF
WINDOWS
OPERATING
SYSTEM
UNIX OS
Written in the C programming language
instead of in assembly code and is able to
recycle code.
LINUX OS
Linux is an open source operating system
that is made up of the kernel, the base
component of the OS, and the tools, apps,
and services bundled along with it.
LINUS TORVALDS
DISTRIBUTIONS OF
LINUX
 DEBIAN

A distribution based on Stability.

Debian pride themselves on
testing each and every package
in the OS with every other
package.
 UBUNT
U

Ubuntu is based on Debian, and

is designed to be friendly to the
average user, and the best
desktop operating system that it
can be.
 SUSE

Paid-for support scheme similar to

that of RedHat, giving companies an
enterprise level OS with enterprise
level support, but with the flexibility
and low implementation and
maintenance costs of Linux (Novell,
2003)
 REDHA
T

Redhat is known for it’s RPM (Redhat

Package Manager) installation system, and
for their goal to provide a stable, supported,
and viable alternative to Microsoft Server
operating systems.
THANK
YOU!