Present Perfect.

There are two main uses of the present perfect tense; to talk about finished past
actions, and to talk about an action that started in the past and continued to the
present.
Examples:
Finished past actions.
“I have visited many countries.“
“I have been to South Korea and Japan.“
“I have climbed the Everest’’.
Questions:
Finished past actions.
“Am I in Japan now?“
“Am I still climbing the Everest?“
Examples:
Actions That Started In The Past And Continue To The Present.
“I have lived in England for 5 years“
“I have studied English for three years.“
“I have known Kelly for 7 years“.
Examples:
Actions That Started In The Past And Continue To The Present.
“I have lived in England for 5 years“
“I have studied English for three years.“
“I have known Kelly for 7 years“.
Questions:
Actions That Started In The Past And Continue To The Present.
Am I still living in England?
Am I still Studying English?
Present Perfect Tense Structure:

SUBJECT+HAVE/HAS+PAST PARTICIPLE.
 Present perfect. (Verb). HAVE or HAS

 For the Present Perfect, we use “have” or “has”.

 STRUCTURES.
Affirmative:

Subject + form of “have” + past participle form + Complement

Negative:
Subject + form of “have” not + past participle form + Complement

Question Form:

Have form + subject + past participle form + complement.

Exceptions for “ido” and “ado”
Open - opened
Write - written
Make - done
Say - said
Put - put
See - seen
Die - dead
Break - broken
Return - turned
Cover - covered
Present perfect: usage of “YET” “JUST” and
“ALREADY”.
 YET
 Yet: used with the present perfect means 'at any time up to now'. We use it to emphasize
that we expect something to happen soon.
 JUST
 Just: used with the present perfect means 'a short time before’.
 ALREADY
 Already: used with the present perfect means 'before now'. We use it to emphasize that
something happened before something else or earlier than expected.
Making use of
Already:

• “Sarah isn’t coming to the cinema with us”. “She has already seen the film”.

• I’ve already bought drinks for tonight

• We’re already late for the concert

• When I arrived, Tom had already gone away

Making use of
YET:

• Have you done your homework yet?

• Have you been to Mexico yet?

Making use of
JUST:

• I had just finished.

• When he arrived, I had just left the restaurant.

ALREADY and JUST PRESENT PERFECT.

 We can use the present perfect positive with just or already:

Subject + have/has + just/already + past participle.

YET PRESENT PERFECT.

 We can use the present perfect negative with yet:

Subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle + yet.

YET PRESENT PERFECT (Continuation).

 We can use the present perfect negative with yet:

Subject + haven't/hasn't + past participle + yet.

EVER AND NEVER (PRESENT PERFECT)

 Ever means 'at any time'. Never means 'at no time' or 'not at any time’.
 We often use 'ever' and 'never' with the present perfect, but they can also be used with
other verb tenses.
 • I've never been to Brazil.
 • They had never seen such a beautiful sunset before.
EXAMPLES USAGE OF EVER

 We use 'ever' with questions.

 • Have you ever studied German?

 • Has Lucy ever been to the theatre?
 • Do you ever come to London?
EVER USAGE and NEVER
(CONTINUATION).

 We use 'ever' in negative sentences if we have 'not’.

 • I haven't ever been here before = I have never been here before.

 • He doesn't ever take any exercise = he never takes any exercise.

 ADJECTIVES.

 They are words that give more information about nouns. A noun is a person, place, feelings
or things.

 Present participle: modify a noun that affects someone or something else.

 Examples: His job is frustrating.
Jennifer is interesting.
The atmosphere was relaxing.
 Past Participle: modify a noun that is affected by someone or something else.
 Example: I am interested.
 he looks frustrated.
 I am excited.
For and Since

 Present perfect with "for" and "since“

 Using the present perfect, we can define a period of time before now by considering its
duration, with for + a period of time, or by considering its starting point, with since + a
point in time.
THE USE OF FOR

 The use of FOR

 We use For when we measure the duration – when we say how long something lasts.

 For + a period of time

 To measure a period of time up to the present, we use the present perfect tense and not the present tense.

 I have known her for a long time. (Correct)

 I know her for a long time. (Incorrect)
 I have lived here for ten years. (Correct)
 I live here for ten years. (Incorrect)
 The present tense with For refers to a period of time that extends into the future.

 How long are you here for? (Until when)

 How long have you been here for? (Since when)
 In reality, we can use all verb tenses with For.
THE USE OF OF (EXAMPLES).

Uses of For
Example sentence Verb Tense
They exercise for two hours every day. Present tense
They are exercising for three hours today. Present continuous
He has lived in Moscow for a long time. Present perfect
He has been living in Turin for three months. Present perfect continuous
I worked at the service station for five years. Past tense
He will be in hospital for at least a week. Future tense
THE USE FOR SINCE.
 The use of SINCE
 Since gives the starting point of actions, events or states. It refers to when things began.

 Since + a point in time (in the past), until now.

 I've been waiting since 7 o'clock.

 I have known him since January.
USE OF SINCE (EXAMPLES)

 With since we use the present perfect tense or the past perfect tense.

 I have been here since 5 o'clock and I am getting tired.

 I had been working since 5 o'clock and I was getting tired.
 Since can also be used in the structure It has been + period of time + since.

 It has been two months since I last saw her.

 It has been three years since the last earthquake.
For vs. Since

FOR to mention a specific period (or SINCE to mention the starting point of a
duration) of time. period of time (continues to now).
I have been a doctor for fifteen years. (duration I have been a doctor since 1992. (starting point
= 15 years) = 1992)
She has been pregnant since her first child was
She has been a mother for six months.
born.
My sister has lived in Frankfurt for nine My sister has lived in Frankfurt since the
months. beginning of March.
Present Perfect continuous.

 The present perfect continuous (also known as the present perfect

progressive) is a verb tense used to talk about something that
started in the past and is continuing at the present time.
Present perfect continuous (Affirmative).

verbo en ing
Present perfect continuous (negative)
Present perfect continuous (Interrogative).
TO -----INFINITIVES.

 Verbs with to-infinitives

 We use the to-infinitive after certain verbs (verbs followed by to-infinitive), particularly
verbs of thinking and feeling:
WOULD LIKE:

 We use would like or ’d like to say politely what we want, especially when making offers and requests:

 Would you like a biscuit with your coffee?

 Can you order for Ellie? She’d like the Margarita pizza, please.

 Verbs that follow would like are in the to-infinitive form:

 Would you like to listen to that again?

 I’d like to get a return ticket for tomorrow.

Structure:

Pronoun + I would like + infinitive verb + complement

Base form.

 In grammar, the simplest form of a verb, without a special ending:

 The base form of "calling" is "call".

WOULD RATHER.

 We use would rather or ’d rather to talk about preferring one thing to another. Would rather
has two different constructions. (the subjects are underline in the examples).
EXAMPLES.

 YOU ARE GOING TO GIVE ME EXAMPLES

OF THE TWO TOPICS DISCUSSED DURING
THIS CLASS.
USE OF WILL AND GOING TO

 Both of them refer to future actions. Although in some cases they can be interchangeable,
because there are multiple ways of expressing the same thing in English. However,
knowing which one you think is best really just depends on what you’re trying to say.

 Like I said before, you can use both WILL and GOING TO in the same sentence with no
change in the meaning, but you really have to ask yourself what it is you’re really trying to
say. So, you have to pay attention to the different types of situations so you can understand
which of these two choices will be the best option when expressing a future action.
STRUCTURE USING WILL
USE OF WILL

 Will can be used in expressing rapid decisions, or a future action that you have decided on
at the moment of speaking.

 Examples:
 “I’m thirsty! I think I will buy a drink.”
 “This is so expensive! But I will be able to afford this someday.”
 “Okay, I’ll go to your party!”
USE OF WILL

 Will can also be used when you are making an offer. For example:

 “I will help with you your luggage, they look heavy!”

 “You can’t go there alone, I’ll go with you.”
 “I’ll get the mop for you.”
USE OF WILL

 It’s also used for making promises.

 “I will keep your secret.”

 “I won’t let you down!”
 “I’ll be there, I promise!”
USE OF WILL.

 And for making threats, which are very similar to promises but can be
connoted negatively.

 “I’ll break your nose if you hurt her.”

 “If you don’t pull yourself together, I’ll never let you see me again.”
 “I won’t pay for damages if you drive recklessly.”
USE OF WILL

 One important detail about “WILL” is that it is most often used to discuss things or
situations that may take a long time to happen. Here are some examples of situations when
he expression “WILL” is used:

 Dreams
 “Someday I will learn another language.”

 Promises
 “I promise I’ll call you tonight!”
USE OF WILL

 To express actions that are far into the future

 “I will get married someday.”
 Requests
 “Will you buy a hamburger for me? Thank you!”
 To discuss a fact
 “I’ll graduate from college next year”
 After making a decision
 “Yes! I will marry you!”
 Help/Volunteer
 “I’ll volunteer at this event tonight!”
Use of Going To.

 When To Use “GOING TO”

 One huge difference in using GOING TO versus WILL, is that you use GOING TO when
the action was already decided on even before speaking of it.
 Examples:
 “I’m going to take some time off work this year.”
 “They are going to adopt a child.”
 “He’s going to quit his job and become an artist.”
Structure of Going To.
Use of Going to.

 Going to can also be used for a future action when there are signs or evidence that it is
likely going to happen.

 “They’ve been together forever. He’s going to propose soon.”

 “This team is playing so bad today. They’re going to lose!”
 “I shouldn’t have eaten that much! I’m gonna throw up!”

 The condensed form of going to is gonna. And it’s worth practicing this in your
conversations to sound more natural. Stick with “going to” in more formal communication,
though.
Use of Going To.

 Use For A Future Action That Will Happen Soon

 One important detail about “GOING TO” is that it is most often used to discuss things or
situations that might happen soon. The expression “GOING TO” is used in the following
situations:
 Definite plans
“I am going to help you with your English!”
 Immediate actions
“She’s gonna eat lunch with my friend tomorrow.”
Use of Going to.

 Actions that will happen soon –

“He’s going to be a doctor next year!”

 Anticipation
“Are you going to download our free Ebook?”

 Predicting a future action

“The weather is going to be very cold today.”
Contrasting Ideas.

Although, even though, in spite of and despite are all used to link two contrasting ideas or
show that one fact makes the other fact surprising. They can all be used at the beginning or in
the middle of the sentence.

Despite the rain, we enjoyed the festival.

We enjoyed the festival, despite the rain.

The main difference between although, even though, in spite of and despite is that they are
used with different structures.
IN SPITE OF

 in spite of / despite

 After in spite of and despite, we use a noun, gerund (-ing form of a verb) or a pronoun.

 They never made much money, in spite of their success.

 In spite of the pain in his leg, he completed the marathon.
 Despite having a headache, I had a great birthday.
 The train was cancelled. In spite of that, we arrived on time.
IN SPITE OF

 Note that it is common to use in spite of and despite with the expression the fact that,
followed by a subject and verb.

 In spite of the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't pass the exam.
 Despite the fact that he worked very hard, he didn't pass the exam.
ALTHOUGH

 although / even though

 After although and even though, we use a subject and a verb. Even though is slightly
stronger and more emphatic than although.

 I enjoyed the course, although I would have liked more grammar practice.
 Although we saw each other every day, we didn't really know each other.
 Even though she spoke very quietly, he understood every word.
 She didn't get the job, even though she had all the necessary qualifications.
THOUGH

 Though
 Though can be used in the same way as although.

 Though I wasn't keen on the film, I thought the music was beautiful.

 Though can also go at the end of the second phrase. This way of expressing contrasting
ideas is most common in spoken English.

 We waited ages for our food. The waiter was really nice, though.
Real Conditional.

 Conditional sentences express a choice and the possible consequences of that choice.

 There are three types of conditional sentences: Real, Unreal and Unreal Past.

 The first type is the easiest to learn. It involves a present choice and a future consequence.

 If you drive north for three miles, you will get to Columbus.
 If he doesn’t exercise, Fred will gain weight.
 If you purchase a raffle ticket, you might win a car.
 Real conditional sentences contain two parts, the if clause, and the result clause.
Real Conditional

 The if clause indicates the choice and is expressed in present tense.

 It indicates a choice and can be either positive or negative. If statements can also imply the
opposite choice and result.

 If you study hard you will pass the test. (Choice and possible result)
 If you don’t study hard, you could fail. (Implied opposite choice and result.
 The result clause indicates the consequence or possible consequence, and is expressed in
future tense or with modals can, could or might.
Real Conditional.

 The result clause indicates the consequence or possible consequence, and is expressed in
future tense or with modals can, could or might.

 If clause Result clause

 If you eat your spinach, you will grow stronger