Jarkom 02 Chapter - 1 - V6.1 S.D. Delay, Loss, Throughput in Networks
Jarkom 02 Chapter - 1 - V6.1 S.D. Delay, Loss, Throughput in Networks
Jarkom 02 Chapter - 1 - V6.1 S.D. Delay, Loss, Throughput in Networks
Jaringan Komputer
Kelas Teknik Komputer
Introduction 1-2
The network core
mesh of interconnected
routers
Introduction 1-3
Network communication methods
Packet-switching
hosts break application-layer messages into packets
forward packets from one router to the next, across links
on path from source to destination
each packet transmitted at full link capacity
Circuit-switching
end-end resources allocated to, reserved for "call"
between source & dest.
Analogy
Car vs Train
Introduction 1-4
Packet-switching: store-and-forward
L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps
R = 100 Mb/s C
A
D
R = 1.5 Mb/s
B
queue of packets E
waiting for output link
Introduction 1-6
Two key network-core functions
routing: determines source- forwarding: move packets
destination route taken by from router’s input to
packets appropriate router output
routing algorithms
routing algorithm
…
access access
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-29
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to every other access ISP?
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access
net
… … net
access
access net
net
Low Scalability
…
…
…
access access
…
net net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
…
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-30
Internet structure: network of networks
Option: connect each access ISP to a global transit ISP?
Customer ISPs and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
…
…
global
access
net ISP access
net
access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-31
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
….
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net
ISP A
…
…
access access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-32
Internet structure: network of networks
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors
…. which must be interconnected
Internet exchange point
…
access
access
access
net net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-33
Internet structure: network of networks
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to
ISPS
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-34
Internet structure: network of networks
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft) may run
their own network, to bring services, content close to end users.
access
… access
net
access
net …
net
access
access net
net
access
IXP access
net
net
ISP A
…
…
Content provider network
access IXP access
net ISP B net
access
ISP B
net
access
net
access
net regional net
access
… net
access
net
access
net
…
access
net
Introduction 1-35
Internet structure: network of networks
IX IX IX
P P P
Regional ISP Regional ISP
Introduction 1-18
How do loss and delay occur?
packets queue in router buffers
packet arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link
capacity
packets queue, wait for turn
B
packets queueing (delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Introduction 1-19
Four sources of packet delay
A
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue
B
nodal
processing queueing
dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop
3 probes 3 probes
3 probes
Introduction 1-23
"Real" Internet delays, routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-
2
3
gw.cs.umass.edu
border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms link
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms
replying)
Introduction 1-24
Packet loss
queue (aka buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite
capacity
packet arriving to full queue dropped (aka lost)
lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by
source end system, or not at all
buffer
A packet being transmitted
(waiting area)
B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
Introduction 1-25
Throughput
throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits
transferred between sender/receiver
instantaneous: rate at given point in time
average: rate over longer period of time
server,
server withbits
sends linkpipe
capacity
that can carry linkpipe
capacity
that can carry
file of into
(fluid) F bits
pipe fluid at rate
Rs bits/sec fluid at rate
R bits/sec
to send to client c
Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
Introduction 1-26
Throughput (more)
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
Rs bits/sec Rc bits/sec
bottleneck
link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Introduction 1-27
Chapter 1: Next Week
1.1 what is the Internet?
1.2 network edge
end systems, access networks, links
1.3 network core
packet switching, circuit switching, network structure
1.4 delay, loss, throughput in networks
1.5 protocol layers, service models
1.6 networks under attack: security
1.7 history
Introduction 1-28