Novel Technique For Hybrid Electric Vehicle

NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR HYBRID
ELECTRIC VEHICLE
PREPARED BY: GUIDED BY:

Prof. Heena Nakum
MANISH SADHU
JAYDEEP SINDHA
INTRODUCTION
• This project represents an alternative energy storage system
in the drive line of a hybrid electric vehicle.
• The effect of the use of an Supercapacitors as a power buffer
to smooth rapid power fluctuations in and out of the batteries
of a hybrid electric heavy vehicle is investigated.
• In this work a topology is presented where the performances
of a battery pack in parallel with supercapacitors are
evaluated in terms of stress and extending battery lifespan.
• According to this association the battery current drawn is
reduced and the supercapacitor source supplies the majority
of transient current and as a result the battery stress is
reduced up to 30 %.
FIG 1:A parallel connection of batteries to
Supercapacitors
• Supercapactors have particular advantages for use in fuel cell
powered vehicles in which it is likely they can be used without
interface electronics.
• Vehicle simulations using those devices have shown that
increased power capability in such devices is needed before full
advantage can be taken of their increased energy density
compared to carbon/carbon devices in some vehicle
applications.
• Energy storage system considerations indicate that
combinations of supercapactors and advanced batteries
(Wh/kg>200) are likely to prove advantageous in the future as
such batteries are developed. This is likely to be the case in
plug-in hybrids with high power electric motors for which it
may be difficult to limit the size and weight of the energy
storage unit even using advanced batteries.
INTRODUCTION OF
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
• The electric vehicles are purely electric-their only energy
source is from outlet. These vehicles are at a strong
disadvantage today. In world that’s use d to refueling in a
matter of minutes, a half–hour recharge time is insufficient.
Enter HEVs
• HEV stands for Hybrid Electric Vehicle. A hybrid uses a small
internal combustion engine to provide energy to the vehicle in
addition to the stored charge in the battery.
• There are different “flavors” of hybrid , which use the stored
energy differently.
Advantages of Electric Vehicle
• The number one advantage of an electric vehicle is that no

gas is required. One example is the Chevy Volt.
• It has a battery range of 40 miles. That means it can drive for
40 miles without using gas. 40 miles is more than the range of
an average commute to work, so you can go to and from work
using no gas. With minimal gas usage comes great savings.
• You do need gas in the Volt in case your battery runs out or
you go for a long distance. However, the amount of fill ups per
year will be much fewer with an electric vehicle
• You can plug the car into any outlet of the proper voltage and
charge the car. Electricity is much cheaper than gas, and the
savings will be dramatic
• Electric cars give off no emissions. Electric cars are even better
than hybrids in this regard. Hybrids running on gas give off
emissions, while electric cars are totally 100 percent free of
pollutants
• Safety is a big concern with these vehicles. However, the fluid
batteries actually take impact better than a fully made gas car,
and can help even more in the event of an accident
Disadvantages of Battery
• Requires protection circuit to maintain voltage and current
within safe limits.
• Subject to aging, even if not in use - storage in a cool place at
40% charge reduces the aging effect.
• Transportation restrictions - shipment of larger quantities may
be subject to regulatory control. This restriction does not
apply to personal carry-on batteries.
• Expensive to manufacture - about 40 percent higher in cost
than nickel-cadmium.
• Not fully mature - metals and chemicals are changing on a
continuing basis
WHY SUPERCAPACITOR ?
• In comparison with rechargeable batteries they endure higher
number of cycles, can be charged and discharged a hundred
times faster and reach at least 20 years of useful life.
• Supercapacitors were almost always bought for better
performance such as starting a truck at minus 40°C. They are
very rarely bought because their upfront price is attractive
compared to alternatives but they increasingly give lower
cost-over-life of a system, less maintenance and more
reliability.
• Through the coming decade, upfront costs and energy density
will be ever more competitive, opening up many new
applications
Rechargeable Batteries Vs.
Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors : Batteries:
 Higher power density  Have higher energy density
 Much faster charge and  Typically 200–1000 charge-
discharge rate discharge cycles
 Environmentally friendly  Contain highly reactive and
 Extremely low internal hazardous chemicals
resistance or ESR  Negatively effected by low
 High efficiency (97-98%) temperatures
 Over a million charge-
discharge cycles
Basic Circuit Diagram
Inver
ter
Super Capacitor
Basic Operations : -
Fig 2: Low Constant Speed Operation Energy Flow

Fig 3: Acceleration Operation Energy Flow ( Need above 24 V)
Fig 4: Acceleration Operation Energy Flow and
Super capacitor charging (Below 13V of SC)
15
Fig 5: No Operation when super capacitor 12-13 Volt
Fig 6: Re generation when super capacitor below 24 Volt and Battery
above 24 Volt
Fig 7: Re generation when super capacitor and Battery both below 24
Volt
TYPES OF CONVERTER
The different configurations of EV power supply show that atleast
one DC/DC converter is necessary to interface the FC, the Battery
or the Super capacitors module to the DC-link.
NON-ISOLATED CONVERTERS
• The non-isolated converters type is generally used where the
voltage needs to be stepped up or down by a relatively small ratio
(less than 4:1. There are five main types of converter in this non-
isolated group, usually called the buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk and
charge-pump converters.
ISOLATED CONVERTERS
• Usually, in this type of converters a high frequency transformer is
used. In the applications where the output needs to be completely
isolated from the input, an isolated converter is necessary. 19
Electric Vehicle Requirement
• In case of interfacing the Fuel Cell, the DC/DC converter is
used to boost the Fuel Cell voltage and to regulate the DC-
link voltage.
• Some design considerations are essential for automotive
applications:
1. Light weight,
2. High efficiency,
3. Small volume,
4. Low electromagnetic interference,
5. Low current ripple drawn from the Fuel Cell or the battery,
6. The step up function of the converter,Control of the
DC/DC converter power flow subject to the wide voltage
variation on the converter input.
Advantages of Supercapacitor
 Unlimited cycle life; as compared to the electrochemical

battery, they are not subject to the wear or aging.
 On-hand charge methods; no full-charge circuit required.
 Quick charging times.
 Low impedance; by paralleling it with a battery, it
enhances the pulse current.
 Cost effective storage; a very high cycle count
compensates the lower density.
Limitations of Supercapacitor
• Low specific energy; holds a fraction of a
regular battery
• Linear discharge voltage prevents using the
full energy spectrum
• High self-discharge; higher than most batteries
• Low cell voltage; requires serial connections
with voltage balancing
• High cost per watt
Application
•At the high end of the energy storage spectrum, supercapacitors are being used to increase
the efficiency of hybrid electric vehicles in several ways. Today’s hybrid vehicles typically
turn off the engine completely when the car comes to a stop, however briefly, and then
very efficiently start it again using energy stored in supercapacitors. Maxwell Technologies
offers a line of supercapacitor-based modules that range up to 3000 F. It has sold over
600,000 supercapacitors for this start-stop application in hybrids.
•Maxwell has also designed a replacement for a conventional vehicle battery using
supercapacitors connected across a smaller lead acid battery. The concept behind this
application is that power demand spikes, such as starting a car, decrease the overall energy
that the battery can produce. Batteries last much longer when the discharge is small and
steady. The supercapacitors in Maxwell’s “hybrid” lead-acid battery essentially smooth out
energy demands on the battery..
•Trains, planes, and automobiles (as well as trucks) account for about 40 percent of today’s
$400 million worldwide supercapacitor market, according to market researcher Paumanok
Publications Inc. Transportation applications include maglev trains, power and braking
recuperation systems, truck lifts, and track switching.
Hybrid Supercapacitor Bus in Shanghai
– Image from MIT Technology Review
Components Needed
• Battery – 24 V DC (Lead Acid Battery)
• Supercapacitor, 1F (4 Pcs)
• Bidirectional Dc-Dc Converter Components-
• Inductor design, Switching Circuits etc
• DC Motor
25

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NOVEL TECHNIQUE FOR HYBRID

PREPARED BY: GUIDED BY:

• The number one advantage of an electric vehicle is that no

Fig 2: Low Constant Speed Operation Energy Flow

 Unlimited cycle life; as compared to the electrochemical

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