Common tropical diseases

 Tropical Diseases are infectious diseases

that are most likely if not only appearing in
tropical and subtropical areas.

-They are most often in areas of poverty, bad

sanitarian conditions and extremely warm
areas, which enables carriers of diseases to be
present throughout the whole year.
- Children are more likely to get infected.
- Common effect of tropical diseases is a high
number of infected.
- In order to get in the control of these diseases,
it is necessary to significantly expand measures
against them, such as:
1. Measures against intestinal parasites
2. Control of disease vectors
3. Improving  health conditions
- Field of medicine regarding Tropical Diseases
is Tropical Medicine which originates in the
19th century
In todays presentation we will talk about:

 1) Yaws
 2) Malaria
 3) Bartonella
 4) Ebola
 5) Leprosy
 6) Dangue fever
 7) Yellow fever
 8) Rabies
 YAWS
is a tropical infection of skin, bones and joints caused by a spirochete bacterium.

-it's rarely deadly, but if it is left untreated it can lead to permanent physical disability and deformity
- symptoms: round swelling on the skin followed by scarring on the area, pain, tiredness/fatigue
- Diagnostic method: blood antibody tests
- treatment: a combination of antibiotics, such as penicillin
- treatment is usually successful, but it does depend on the condition of the patient's organism.
 MALARIA

is an infectious disease caused by the Plasmodium

parasite.

-infection of this parasite can endanger the life of the

patient within a few days of it entering the body.
-The parasite itself is resistant to most medications,
which means the medications must be combined in
therapy
-Malaria is spread through bites of infected
Anopheles mosquitoes.
-symptoms: they appear in 7-14 days but can also
appear after 8-10 months, fever, headache, vomiting,
dry cough, fatigue, liver enlargement, loss of
consciousness.
 Treatment lasts about a month, proper drug therapy (antimalarials,
artemisinins)
 Prevention: removal of carriers (wetland drainage), improvement of
sanitary conditions, drug prophylaxis
BARTONELLA
 intercellular parasites are transmitted by ticks, flies
and mosquitoes.
 Parasites enter the bloodstream and infect erythrocytes
 Bartonella is transmissible to both animals and humans
 Treatment: depending on the type and strain of
Bartonella, treatment is based on antibiotics usage in
vitro
 Bartonella is usually resistant to penicillin
 RABIES
 Rabies is a viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other
mammals. Early symptoms can include fever and tingling at the site of exposure. These
symptoms don’t appear alone. They are usually followed by: nausea, vomiting, violent
movements, uncontrolled excitement, fear of water, an inability to move parts of the body,
confusion or loss of consciousness. Once this symptoms start manifesting, patients
conditions practically always results in death. Duration of time passed between contracting
the disease and the start of symptoms is usually one to three months but can vary from less
than one week to more than one year. The time depends on the distance the virus must
travel along peripheral nerves to reach the central nervous system.
 EBOLA
is a viral disease that often causes death, it's caused by Ebolavirus.
 The virus can be transmitted by contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected
person.When a person becomes infected, the disease spreads easily among people.
 Symptoms: fever, muscle pain, headache, nausea, vomiting, decreased liver and
kidney function
 Treatment: the disease is treated with symptomatic therapy - electrolyte
replacement, diet, intensive care
 Prevention: Ebolavor vaccination, hand washing, proper meat preparation
 AIDS
 Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
(HIV/AIDS) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a retrovirus. Following initial infection an individual
may not notice any symptoms, or may experience a brief period of influenza-like
illness. Typically, this is followed by a prolonged incubation period with no
symptoms. If the infection progresses, it interferes more with the immune system,
increasing the risk of developing common infections such as tuberculosis, as well as
other opportunistic infections, and tumors which are otherwise rare in people who
have normal immune function. These late symptoms of infection are referred to as
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This stage is often also associated
with unintended weight loss.
 HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex (including anal and oral sex),
contaminated blood transfusions, hypodermic needles, and from mother to
child during pregnancy, delivery, or breastfeeding. Some bodily fluids,
such as saliva, sweat and tears, do not transmit the virus.
 TUBERCULOSIS
 Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria. Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs, but can also
affect other parts of the body. Most infections show no symptoms, in which case it
is known as latent tuberculosis. About 10% of latent infections progress to active
disease which, if left untreated, kills about half of those affected. Typical symptoms
of active TB are a chronic cough with blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats,
and weight loss. It was historically called consumption due to the weight loss.
Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms.
 LEPROSY

also known as Hansen's disease is caused by

bacterium Mycobacterium leprae
 occurs more often in poverty
 Symptoms: runny nose, skin lesions,
muscle weakness, nerve death, damage to
the respiratory tract, eyes and skin.
 Patients lose their sense of cold, warmth
and pain, so the consequences are
disability or death.
 Leprosy is spread among people by
coughing or contact with an infected
person.
 Treatment: Proper antibiotic therapy
 Leprosy can affect people differently. The incubation period can last up to
5 years. First symptoms appear after a year or even 20 years.
 First signs are pale and pink parts of skin that may be insensitive to
temperature and pain. Leprosy primarely affects skin and peripheral
nerves. It may also strikes eyes and thin tissue lining the inside of the
nose, kidneys and male reproductive organs.
 DENGUE FEVER
is an infection caused by the dengue virus, whose carrier is a mosquito
 Dengue fever can also be spread through infected donated organs.
 Symptoms: fever, headache, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, low blood pressure
 There is no vaccine
 Babies and young children are most susceptible, but dengue is also dangerous for people
with chronic diseases such as diabetes or asthma
 Diagnosis: performed by laboratory tests, blood antibody tests
 Treatment: fluid intake; infusion, blood transfusion, anti-inflammatory drugs
usage
 Prevention: since there is no vaccine for dengue fever, prevention comes down
to mosquito control and protection against mosquito bites.
 Symptoms begin abruptly and the intensity of this pains is described by the
nickname of the disease “bonePhasebreaking fever“. There are 3 stages of the
disease:
• Phase one: high temperature around 40 ℃ and headache
• Phase two: accumulating fluid in the abdomen and chest
• Phase three: recovery phase - patient feels better but may feels severe
inching and decreased hearth rate
 YELLOW FEVER
is a disease caused by the yellow fever virus and is transmitted by the Aedes aegyty mosquito.
 Yellow fever is not an acute viral disease.
 Symptoms: fever, chills, loss of consciousness, muscle pain, yellowing of the skin, fatigue,
kidney problems.
 Diagnosis: The diagnosis is clinical, the disease can be determined virologically.
 Treatment: hospitalization and intensive care of the patient, immunizations after the first
appearance  of symptoms, prescribed medicine is paracetamol, aspirin
 Prevention: vaccination and mosquito nets
 Incubation period lasts from 3-6 days.
 Early simptoms are fever, headache, shivery and backpain. In this cases
infection lasts 3-4 days.
 More severe forms of the disease are liver disease, abdominal pain and
bleeding from the eyes or gums which may occure. It is the toxic phase of
the yellow fever and is deadly in 20% of cases. Patients who survive
aquire permanently immunity.