LESSON 2-Charac Ethics of Research

LESSON 2:
The Characteristics,
Processes, and
Ethics of Research
Characteristics
of Research
2
Characteristics of Research
Can you
fix me?
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E I M I R P LA
C
EMPIRICAL
Research is based on direct
experience or observation by the
researcher

G I LA C L O
LOGICAL
Research is based on valid procedures
and principles.

ALLICCY
C
CYCLICAL
Research is a cyclical process because
it starts with a problem and ends with a
problem.

LYT IANACA
L
ANALYTICAL
Research utilizes proven analytical
procedures in gathering the data,
whether historical, descriptive, and
experimental and case study.

TICRICA
L
CRITICAL
Research exhibits careful and precise
judgment.

I CALT H O D
ME
METHODICAL
Research is conducted in a methodical
manner without bias using systematic
method and procedures.

TYPLICREAB
ILI
REPLICABILITY
The research design and procedures
are replicated or repeated to enable the
researcher to arrive at valid and
conclusive results

Research
Process
18
These are the steps in conducting research. Arrange the steps properly
by putting labels from 1-6 (with 1 being the first step).
Define and develop your topic
Find background information about your chosen topic
Gather necessary data
Plan your research design including your sample
Process and analyse data
Formulate new insights, conclusions and recommendations

Research Problem Define and develop your topic
1
Review of Related Find background information about your chosen topic
2 Literature
Plan your research design including your sample

3 Methodology
Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative
4 Data Gathering research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test

questionnaire (for quantitative research)
5 Analysis of Data Process and analyse data using thematic analysis (for qualitative
research) and statistical tools (for quantitative research).
6 Interpret and
Report
Formulate new insights gained (for qualitative research)
conclusions (for quantitative research) and
20 recommendations.
Presentation title 20XX
Ethics in
Research
21
Ethics in Research
Research ethics are guidelines for
the responsible conduct of
research which educates and
monitors researchers to ensure
high standard.
Ethics in Research
It promotes the aim of research,
such as expanding knowledge
and supports the values required
for collaborative work, such as
mutual respect and fairness.
Ethics in
Research
You Complete
Me!
Ethics in
Research
In_orm_d
C_n_ent
Ethics in
Research
Informed Consent
This is required to secure in order protect
the rights of the participants in your study.
Inform your participants about the criteria
set for choosing them as informants and the
schedule of one-on-one interview at the
convenient time they are available.

Ethics in
Research
Informed Consent
Participation to the study will be
completely voluntary.

Ethics in
Research
H_ne_ _ y
Ethics in
Research
Honesty
It report data, results, methods and
procedures, and publication status.
Do not fabricate, falsify and
misrepresent the data.

Ethics in
Research
O_ jec_i_ity
Ethics in
Research
Objectivity
Avoid bias in experimental design, data
analysis, data interpretation, peer
review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other
aspects of research.
Ethics in
Research
I_ te_ri_ y
Ethics in
Research
Integrity
Keep your promises and
agreements; act with sincerity; strive
for consistency of thought and
action.

Ethics in
Research
C_re_u_ne_s
Ethics in
Research
Carefulness
Avoid careless errors and
negligence; carefully and critically
examine your work and the work of
peers. Keep good records of
research activities.
Ethics in
Research
Op_n_e_s
Ethics in
Research
Openness
Share data, results, ideas, tools and
resources. Be open to criticism and
new ideas.

Ethics in
Research
R_s_ec_
Ethics in
Research
Respect for Intellectual
Property
Honour patents, copyrights,
trademarks, trade secrets and other
forms of intellectual property.

Ethics in
Research
Respect for Intellectual
Property
Do not use published or unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission.
Give credit where credit is due. Never
plagiarize, fabricate and falsify.

Ethics in
Research
Co_f_den_ia_i_y

Ethics in
Research
Confidentiality
Protect confidential communications, such
as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or
military secrets, and patient records.

Ethics in
Research
Responsible Mentoring
Help to educate, mentor, and advise
others. Promote their welfare and allow
them to make their own decisions.

Ethics in
Research
Responsible Publication
Publish in order to advance research and
scholarship, not to advance your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative
publication.

Ethics in
Research
Respect for Colleagues
Respect your colleagues’ opinion,
treat them fairly and do not
outsmart others.

Ethics in
Research
Social responsibility
Strive to promote social acceptance
and prevent or mitigate social
harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
Ethics in
Research
N_n-
D_sc_im_na_io_
Ethics in
Research
Non-discrimination
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or
students on the basis of sex, race,
ethnicity, or other factors that are not
related to their scientific competence and
integrity.

Ethics in
Research
Co_ _e_en_e

Ethics in
Research
Competence
Maintain and improve your own
professional competence and expertise
through lifelong education and learning;
take steps to promote competence in
science as a whole.

Ethics in
Research
L_g_li_ _
Ethics in
Research
Legality
Know and obey relevant laws and
institutional and government
policies.

Ethics in
Research
A_im_l
C_ _ e
Ethics in
Research
Animal Care
Show proper respect and care for
animals when using them in research.
Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly
designed animal experiments.

Ethics in
Research
Human Subjects Protection
When conducting a research on
human subjects, minimize harms and
risks and maximize benefits; respect
human dignity, privacy, and anonymity.

Ethical Standards in Research
Writing
Research Misconduct includes fabrication,
falsification, or plagiarism. It doesn’t include
honest error of differences of opinion. It can
erode trust between researchers and funding
agencies, which make it more difficult for
colleagues at the same institution to receive
grants.

Rights of Research
Participants
1. Human Rights
2. Intellectual Property
3. Copyright Infringement
Examples:
a. Downloading movies and music without proper payment for use.
b. Recording movies in a theatre
c. Using others’ photographs for a blog without permission
d. Copying software code without giving proper credit
e. Creating videos with unlicensed music clips
4. Voluntary Participation
5. Anonymity
6. Privacy

Writing
Plagiarism
Writing Plagiarism
Plagiarism refers to the act of using another
person’s ideas, works, processes, and
results without giving due credit. It should
not be tolerated as the unauthorized use of
original works, a violation of intellectual
property rights.

Three different acts are considered
plagiarism:
1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed

ideas,
2. Failure to enclose borrowed language in
quotation marks, and.
3. Failure to put summaries and paraphrases
in your own words.
Patrick conducted a research study in his Qualitative Research subject
entitled “The Traditions, Language and Literature of B’laan Tribe in South
Cotabato: An Ethnographic Study.” He took five (5) participants to be
interviewed following the inclusion criteria that he set. He made sure that the
participants are not divulge to protect their identity. On the other hand, he
used voice recorder, field notes and an interpreter to make sure that the data
he gathered are correct and free from any errors. He was also taking extra
precautions to use words that are free from any forms of biases and
discriminatory words that may hurt the culture of B’laan tribe. Moreover, in
order to support the research findings, Patrick cited related literature and
studies and gave credits where the credit is due.
1. What are the ethical principles that Patrick observed in the study he
conducted? Why did you say so?
2. What ethical principles did he not observe?
3. Is it necessary for him to use those ethical principles?
Activity 1: Question and Answer (by pair)
Directions: Answer the questions briefly. Write
your answers on your notebook.
1.Why is research practical and realistic?

2. What is the purpose of research ethics
in doing research work?
3. A research can be replicated but not
the findings. Why?

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LESSON 2:

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Define and develop your topic

Find background information about your chosen topic

Gather necessary data

Plan your research design including your sample

Process and analyse data

Formulate new insights, conclusions and recommendations

Plan your research design including your sample

Gather necessary data using open ended questions (for qualitative

4 Data Gathering research) and closed-ended questionnaire or paper pencil test

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1. Failure to cite quotations and borrowed

1.Why is research practical and realistic?

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