LESSON 3: Storya

Pinataka
(FALLACIES AND BIASES)
OBJECTIVES:

a.) Recognize fallacious and bias

arguments; and

b.) Appreciate the application of

philosophy in seeking wisdom and
truth;
Tanda-i ni nga mga words:
1. Logic
2. Argument
3. Fallacy
4. Bias
 We need to use Logic
 Logic is the art and science of correct
thinking.
- that is why, we need to use logic para indi ta
magpataka storya. Gets?
 Logic is a branch of philosophy that
focuses on the analyses of arguments.
- we are examining here how correct
statements are and how coherent are they in
conveying reasons. Kung sakto ba ang
pangutok mo kung mag storya ka.
We need to be very careful when we listen
to arguments since not all arguments are
truthful. In addition, not all arguments have
the dame merit because some are better
presented and substantiated than others.
It is also possible that claims and
arguments are given by persons who have
ill intentions and wish to twist or manipulate
facts to suit their own purposes. As we
analyse what is presented to us, we must
keep in mind the standards of critical
thinking.
That is why:
Arguments can be formulated by anyone and any
one.

Pwede man ni sya ma form para mag tinikal or

to manipulate others. Amo na nga kung daw
mango ka (someone who do not think critically),
ma idoy ka or ma into ka sang iban.
Because they formulate their argument as if
they are logical.
Damo kamo sina makita sa FB or twitter. :D
 What is an Argument?
 Arguments often take the form of statements that are
either claims or facts and are phrased in such a way that
they seem reasonable. An argument can be reasonable
or not.
Ex.
1. Kung tatay mo kag nanay doctor, alam ka sa science eh.
2. Sige ka kainom sang Tanduay rhum? Madunot gi na
atay mo.
 . However, a number of arguments may be based on
faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called
fallacies. Some of these fallacies may be intentional, as
the person making the claim is desperate to convince you
to accept his or her argument. The following are
examples of fallacies
Fallacy Characteristics Example
Ad Attacking the person “Of course he believes
hominem presenting the that the government is
argument instead of the flawed, he is a rebel
argument itself and a communist!”

Appeal to Using the threat of “If this peace

force force or an undesirable agreement will not be
event to advance an signed by the
argument government, then we
will have no recourse
but to go to war.”
Appeal to Using emotions such “All these charges are
emotion as pity or sympathy. baseless; this is just
plain harassment –
can’t you see how this
affecting my family?”
Appeal to The idea is “Every boy your
popular presented as age already has a
acceptable girlfriend, you
because a lot of should go find
people accept it. one.”
Appeal to The idea is “Wives should
tradition acceptable remain at home
  because it has doing house hold
been true for a chores and
long time. attending the needs
of the children.”
Begging Assuming the “I have a right to
the thing or idea to be free speech,
question proven is true; therefore you
  also known as cannot stop me
“circular from talking.”
argument”.
Cause- Assuming a “Ever since you bought the
and-effect “cause-and- sweater, everything has
effect” relation been going wrong in your
between life. You should get rid of it.”
unrelated events.

Fallacy of Assuming that “These cases of robbery in this

compositi what is true of a district have convinced me that
on part is true for the the city has become a den of
whole. thieves and criminals.”

Fallacy of Assuming that “You come from a family of

division what is true for the doctors and intellectuals!
whole is true for its Surely you can do better in this
parts. course.”
Bias
When looking at an opinion, be aware of bias
or the personal view of the person presenting
it.
Biases are not necessarily errors in reasoning,
but refer to tendencies or influences which
affect the views of people. Bias cannot be
avoided in any discussion or debate. What is
important is that people engaging in the
discussion are aware of their personal biases
and have an open but critical attitude toward
other views which conflict with their own.
 Bias Characteristics Example
Corresponde Tendency to judge a “These soldiers who fought
nce bias or person’s personality in war are all bloodthirsty
attribution by his or her and murderers.”
effect actions, without
regard for external
factor or influences.
Confirmation Tendency to look for “How can I accept his view
bias and readily accept that there is no God? I am
information which a Christian!”
fits one’s own
beliefs or views and
reject ideas and
views that go
against it.
Framing Focussing on “Preliminary evidence has
certain aspect of a still not pointed out the
problem while actual case of the plane
ignoring other crash, but investigators are
aspects currently focusing on the
possibility of pilot error.”
hindsight The tendency to “Magellan’s assault on
see past events as Mactan Island was a
predictable, or to foolhardy venture, made
ascribe a pattern by an overconfident,
of historical careless man who
events. underestimated the valor
of the native Filipinos.”
Conflict of A person or group “As the daughter of the
interest is connected to or accused, I believe I have
has a vested the right to express my
interest in the issue opinion on the issue of his
being discussed. alleged corrupt practices.

Cultural Analysing an event “I do not agree with this

bias or issue based on Western practice of placing
one’s cultural aged parents in retirement
standards. homes. We Filipinos take
care of our family
members.”
Will truth and opinion will lead us to
wisdom?
An understanding of opinions and facts and
the means to distinguish one from the other
can further improve our understanding and
appreciation of varied views and ideas. The
ability to determine truth goes hand in hand
with the holistic perspective and enables us
to make wider decisions, especially in
choosing the ideas and views which we find
acceptable.
An individual cannot live his or her life just
agreeing with everybody he or she meets. A
critical mind aided by philosophy can help us
form our own personal point of view that can
guide us in making decisions and actions
when faced with a problem. Each individual’s
point of view is unique but it should be based
on sound and reasonable ideas and views.
Philosophy can help us determine ideas that
are truthful and acceptable, which can then
use to form our own views regarding certain
maters.
 ACTIVITY 1
 Define the following terms based on the readings above.
 Logic
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
 Argument
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
 Fallacy
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________
 Bias
 ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________
D. ACTIVITY 2

In a separate sheet of paper, give 1

original example of each fallacies
and biases.
REFLECTION

How this lesson affect your way of thinking

as you learned about various fallacies and
biases? Do these new learning help you on
how you take the ideas and opinions
circulating in the social media?