NANODENTISTRY

AND ITS
APPLICATIONS IN
PROSTHODONTICS

Presented by: Niharika Sabharwal

1st year PG- Prosthodontics
Guide: Dr Monika M. Sehgal

05/23/2023 1
 CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Nanostructures
3. Applications of nanotechnology
4. Nanodentistry
a. Approaches to nanodentistry
b. Applications of nanodentistry
5. Applications in Prosthodontics
6. Conclusion
7. References
05/23/2023 2
 WHAT IS
NANOTECHNOLOGY?
‘NANO’ IN GREEK MEANS ‘DWARF’
COINED BY PROF. KERIE E DEXLER
CONCEPT BY LATE RICHARD FEYNMAN (1959)

National Nanotechnology Initiative defined nanotechnology as the “Research

and technology development at the atomic , molecular and macromolecular
levels in the length scale of approximately 1-100 nm range, to provide a
fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale and
to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties
and functions because of their small and/ or intermediate size.”

05/23/2023 3
 NANOTECHNOLOGY

Scanning tunnel
microscope

4th
CENTURY
Lab-on-a-chip

C60 fullerene

Dental nanobots Nanobodies

21ST
05/23/2023 CENTURY 4
 CONCEPT AND PRODUCTION OF NANOSTRUCTURES

•The basic idea of nanotechnology is to employ individual atoms and

molecules to construct functional structures.
•The various nanoparticles include nanopores, nanotubes, quantum dots,
nanoshells, nanospheres, nanowires, nanocapsules, dendrimers,
nanorods, liposomes and so on.

05/23/2023 5
 NANOMATERIALS
ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS
POLYMERIC
NANOSPHERES AND NANOCAPSULES

LIPID BASED

INORGANIC NANOMATERIALS
METAL
SILVER, GOLD, COPPER, IRON

METAL OXIDES
SILICA, TITANIA, ALUMINA, IRON OXIDE, ZINC
OXIDE

CERAMIC
ZIRCONIA

SEMICONDUCTOR
CADMIUM TELLURITE, SILICON, INDIUM
PHOSPHIDE

CARBON BASED NANOMATERIALS

FULLERENES, GRAPHENE, CARBON NANOTUBES, CARBON
BLACK, CARBON NANOFIBER

05/23/2023 6
 CARBON NANOTUBES
• high tensile ductility (8–13%), good mechanical strength.
• Surface area is large, ultra-light weight, heat stability, high
strength, lower density.
• Reinforcing acrylic denture bases
• Nanotubes can induce inflammatory and fibrotic reactions
under some conditions by crossing membrane barriers.

SILVER NANOPARTICLES
• high ductility and malleability.
• Small size, the surface area is large, having exceptional
optical, electrical and thermal conductivity.
• Antimicrobial agent, dental restorative material, dental
prosthetics, dental implants
• AgNPs induce toxicity. Chronic exposure to silver can cause
argyria.

05/23/2023 7
 SILICA NANOPARTICLES
• Compressive strength–1600 MPa with minimal ductility and
significant hardness.
• Biocompatible, have a low toxic effect, low density and a
significant adsorption ability and most importantly they are
cost effective.
• an antibacterial agent, to treat dental hypersensitivity, filler for
acrylic teeth.
• Recent studies showed that silica nanoparticles can also induce
silicosisNANOPARTICLES
ZIRCONIA as well as lung cancer as like crystalline particles.
• The ductile, soft and malleable matter which provide great
resistance to corrosion.
• Similar mechanical properties and color like a tooth, have low
cytotoxicity, sensible biocompatibility, and high fracture
resistance.
• Reduces bacterial adhesion to the tooth surface, provide
protection against dental carries, effective polishing agent,

einforcing
r

denture base
05/23/2023 8
 TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES
• Having a compressive strength of about 3675 MPa with null
ductility, quite hard and an elasticity limit of 367.5 MPa.
• Long term effect on dental implants, surface modification
provided more advantages like less bacterial adhesion, improved
hardness.
• NPs provide more toxicity than Fine Particles. It goes to the body
through inhalation. Workers in TiO2 production factories have
cancers (revealed in epidemiologic studies).

HYDROXYAPATITE NANOPARTICLES
• It is a calcium phosphate. It is quite stable when compared to
other calcium phosphates.
• Coating of implant surfaces to enhance osseointegration
• The inflammatory response, signaling pathway, and oxidative
stress can be affected by the toxicity of nanoparticles.

05/23/2023 9
05/23/2023 10
 NANODENTISTRY

Nanodentistry is defined as the science

and technology of diagnosing, treating and
preventing oral and dental diseases,
relieving pain, preserving and improving Robert A. Freitas Jr
dental health using nanostructured
material.

05/23/2023 11
APPROACHES TO
NANODENTISTRY
NANOMANUFACTURING
1. Top-down approach –is reducing
the size of existing structure
down to a nanoscale level.

2. Bottom-up approach –is

assembling the individual atoms
and molecules into nanomaterial.

3. Functional approach –does not

consider the method of
production of a nanoparticle;
rather it values on the production
of nanoparticles with a specific
function.

4. Biomimetic approach- Seeks to

apply biomolecules for
applications in nanotechnology.
05/23/2023 12
 The commonly used approach in dental material manufacturing is top-down
approach.

05/23/2023 13
 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN DENTISTRY
1. MEDICINE:
• DIAGNOSTICS- DIGITAL DENTAL IMAGING, NANOTECHNOLOGY MICROSCOPES, QUANTUM
DOT
• DRUG DELIVERY
• TISSUE ENGINEERING
2. ORAL HYGIENE
• NANOROBOTIC DENTRIFICES
• NANO TOOTHPASTE
• ORAL MOUTH RINSES
• HYPERSENSITIVITY CURE
3. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PERIODONTICS
• NANOMATERIALS FOR PERIODONTAL DRUG DELIVERY
• LAB-ON-A-CHIP
• LASER PLASMA APPLLICATION FOR PERIODONTICS
• PERIODONTAL BONE GRAFTS
• BIOFILM MANAGEMENT
• NANOTECH FLOSS

05/23/2023 14
4. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ENDODONTICS
• NANOPARTICLES REINFORCED GIC
• NANOTECHNOLOGY BASED ROOT END SEALANT

5. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN ORTHODONTICS
• ORTHODONTIC NANOROBOTS
• NANO-COATED ORTHODONTIC WIRES
• NANO-COATED BRACKETS

6. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN SURGERY
• LOCAL ANAESTHESIA
• NANO SIZED SUTURE NEEDLES
• NANO SIZED TWEEZERS

05/23/2023 15
 NANOTECHNOLOGY IN PROSTHODONTICS

PRODUCTS

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 SURFACE DISINFECTANTS

05/23/2023 17
 FN Nano Inc., USA, EnviroSystems of San Jose
developed a photocatalytic employed nanotechnology
coating (light mediated) to produce strong but
based on titanium dioxide environment friendly
nanoparticles. chemicals.

05/23/2023 18
 NANOCOMPOSITES
• Nanohybrid and nanofilled resin-based composites
• Contain nanodimensional filler particles- added either singly or as
nanoclusters.
• Nanomaterials available as titanium dioxide, aluminum oxide and silica
are used in small amounts (1%–5%) to improve powder flow of
composites. Eg. Isopast® and Heliomolar® by Ivoclar Vivadent
• Montmorillonite (MMT) is a 2:1 layered silicate, commonly used in
polymer nanocomposite formulations.

05/23/2023 19
• Advantages of nanofillers in dental
composites:
1. High filler loading
2. Increased hardness.
3. Improved flexural strength, toughness and
translucency.
4. Decreased polymerization shrinkage (50%).
5. High polish retention
6. Desirable handling characteristics

05/23/2023 20
05/23/2023 21
 GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
• Glass ionomer cement is a widely used luting agent
for indirect restorations but presents inferior
mechanical properties compared to resin cement
due to its low elastic modulus.
• Nanoparticles used: Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles

In a study conducted by Kheur M et al (2019), the mechanical

and adhesion properties of glass ionomer cement were
improved after incorporating nano-sized hydroxyapatite
particles.

05/23/2023 22
Nano glass ionomer cements are constituted by dispersible
nanoparticles which can be added to various solvents, in which
they are dispersed homogenously.

Advantages:
1. Higher dentin and enamel
bond strength
2. High stress absorption
3. Longer shelf life
4. Durable marginal seal
No separate etching required
5. Fluoride release

Example : Adper Single Bond Plus Adhesive (3M) (10% wt. Silane
treated 5 nm spherical silica), Ketac Nano (3M ESPE)
05/23/2023 23
 IMPRESSION MATERIALS

• Nanofillers are incorporated in impression materials (Alginate

and elastomeric) to enhance their properties.

Recently, nanoparticles, especially nanosilver as an antimicrobial agent ,

have been widely used. In a study conducted by Omidkhoda M et al, an
attempt was made to formulate a self-disinfecting alginate impression
material by incorporating silver nanoparticles in the powder.

Kishore et al (2018) evaluated the effect of incorporating zinc oxide

nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) and copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NP) on
antimicrobial activity, gel strength, permanent deformation, gelation time and
flow of alginate impression materials. The results showed that alginates
incorporated with nanoparticles exhibited concentration dependent
antimicrobial activity. It was also observed that incorporation of nanoparticles
05/23/2023
did not adversely affect the clinically important properties of alginates .
• Commercially available impression material
reinforced with nanofillers: Nanotech Elite H-D (vinyl
polysiloxane)
• Advantages:
> Increased fluidity
> high tear resistance
> Resistance to distortion and heat
> Lesser voids at margins
> Better hydrophilic properties
> Snap-set reduces error by micromovement

05/23/2023 25
 ARTIFICIAL DENTURE TEETH
• Nanocomposite denture teeth are made of
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and
homogeneously distributed nanofillers (Alumina
and silica nanoparticles).
Advantages:
• Superior surface hardness and wear resistance
• Highly polish able
• Stain and impact resistant
• Lively surface structure
05/23/2023 26
• Trade name: Veracia( Shofu, Kyoto, Japan) The three
layered Veracia SA teeth consist of MF-H (microfilled
hybrid) composite, reinforced with layered glass.

Hetal MA, Yang B et al evaluated the wear resistance of acrylic denture teeth
containing silica and alumina nanoparticles in concentrations of 0.1wt%, 0.3wt
% and 0.5wt%. Nano- alumina teeth exhibited less negative effect than nano-
silica teeth.
05/23/2023 27
 POLYMETHYLMETHACRYLATE RESIN
• Most widely used materials in dentistry since 1930 for the
fabrication of denture bases.
• Has good dimensional stability, low water sorption and
biocompatible.
• Disadvantages such as low resistance to fracture and poor
antimicrobial properties.
• Use of nanotechnology will help develop PMMA which will be
more biocompatible with better mechanical properties.

05/23/2023 28
 CARBON SILVER NPs
NANOTUBE GOLD NPs
S

HYDROXYAP
ALUMINIU NANOMATERIALS USED IN PMMA ATITE
M OXIDE

ZINC OXIDE ZIRCONIUM

NPs DIOXIDE
TITANIUM
DIOXIDE

05/23/2023 29
 CARBON NANOTUBES AND PMMA
• Studies have suggested that carbon nanotubes are 10-100
times higher than steel at a fraction of the weight when
incorporated in PMMA, which will help enhance its
properties.
• Can cause discolouration of denture bases.
• Range of concentration used- 0.5- 1.5 wt%

In a study conducted by WS Mahmood (2015) a significant increase in

impact strength and transverse strength was seen with addition of 1% by
weight of carbon nanotubes as compared to the control group whereas a
decrease in hardness was seen on adding the carbon nanotubes to PMMA
resin.

05/23/2023 30
 SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND PMMA
• Most commonly used nanoparticles in PMMA resin.
• Exhibit antimicrobial activity as well as electrical
conductivity and catalytic properties.
• Known to increase the thermal conductivity and
compressive strength and decrease the tensile and
flexural strength of denture base resin when
incorporated at a concentration of 0.3 wt%.

05/23/2023 31
 A.F.Wady et al., evaluated activity of a silver nanoparticle solution against candida
albicans and the effect of incorporation of silver nanoparticles into a denture base
acrylic resin on the material’s hydrophobicity. It was concluded that inclusion of
silver nanoparticles reduced the hydrophobicity of the resin thus stating that silver
nanoparticles had antifungal activity.

Another study tested the effect of adding silver nanoparticles to PMMA at 2% and
0.2% concentrations on compressive and tensile strength. The study showed that
the mean compressive strength of reinforced PMMA was significantly higher than
that of the unmodified PMMA.

05/23/2023 32
GOLD NANOPARTICLES AND PMMA
• Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a good choice for
fillers
• desirable properties- such as stability, non toxicity,
uniform particle size and antimicrobial properties.
• In particular, they have shown antimicrobial effects
on many microorganisms, such as Candida albicans, S
aureus, E faecalis, E coli and/or Pseudomonas
aeruginosa.
• Concentration used: 0.05 to 0.2 wt%

05/23/2023 33
• There are three typical approaches for mixing
AuNps with the polymer material:
1. Mixing the nanoparticles with a polymer
2. Generating the nanoparticles during
polymerization
3. Adding the nanoparticles to the monomer.

 
A Tijana et al investigated the effects of AuNps on the mechanical properties
of heat-polymerised dental acrylic resin. In the study, it was confirmed that
addition of AuNps decreased the flexural strength and elastic modulus,
although the values werewithin the standard recommended levels. At the
same time, the density, thermal conductivity and hardness increased.

05/23/2023 34
 ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND PMMA
• Nano zinc oxide (ZnO) has excellent antibacterial, antifungal
properties
• ZnO in blending with denture base resins can improve the
properties of denture base resins, significantly the biological
properties of acrylic resins.
• Known to increase the flexural strength of the PMMA resin at
5 wt% concentration, but causes discolouration of the
denture base.

Vikram S and Chander NG carried out a study to study the effect of zinc
oxide nanoparticles on the flexural strength of polymethylmethacrylate
denture base resin and found that an improvement in the flexural strength
was seen with the addition of ZnO nanoparticles.

05/23/2023 35
 ALUMINIUM OXIDE AND PMMA
• commonly referred to as alumina
• possesses strong ionic interatomic bonding
• It’s high hardness, excellent dielectric properties and good
thermal properties make it the material of choice for a wide
range of applications.
• Optimum concentration: 5 to 20 wt%
In a study conducted by Derazkola HJ (2018), alumina-reinforced
poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposites (PMMA/Al2O3) containing up
to 20vol% nanoparticles with an average diameter of 50nm were prepared
by friction stir processing. Mechanical evaluations including tensile,
flexural, hardness and impact tests indicate that the strength and
toughness of the material gradually increases with the nanoparticle
concentration.

05/23/2023 36
 TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND
PMMA
• acts as a colouring agent
• can bring additional benefit to acrylic denture base
resin such as antimicrobial properties.
• it enables improving toughness properties and other
associated mechanical properties of the acrylic resin.
• Known to increase the tensile and impact strength of
the denture base resin when used in a concentration
between 1-3 wt% but decreases the flexural
strength.

05/23/2023 37
 W M Abdulridha et al (2020) added spherical nanoparticles of titanium
dioxide synthesized via a chemical route to chemical and heat activated
monomers. The compressive strengths of both cold cure and heat cure
acrylic resins increased after the incorporation of TiO2 nanoparticles.

Incorporating 0.4% TiO2 nanoparticles into a 3D printed poly-

methylmethacrylate (PMMA) denture base was investigated in 2017, in an
attempt to improve its antibacterial characteristics and mechanical
properties (Totu et al., 2017). Improvements in the chemical and structural
properties was reported, and the antibacterial effects specifically against
Candida species was significant.

05/23/2023 38
 ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES AND
PMMA
• bio-ceramic nanoparticles
• has been widely used for various dental applications, such as crowns and
bridges, implant fixture “screws” and abutments and orthodontic brackets.
• high flexural strength (900 to 1200 MPa), hardness (1200 HV), and fracture
toughness (9–10 MPa m1/2).
• excellent biocompatibility compared to other ceramic materials, such as
alumina.
• A number of studies found that reinforcement of conventional, heat-cured
denture base resins with zirconia nanoparticles significantly improved
mechanical properties such as flexural strength as well as surface hardness.
• The improvement in these properties was observed when the studies were
conducted while using the nanoparticles at a concentration ranging from 2.5
to 7.5 wt%.

05/23/2023 39
PROBLEMS FACED WITH ZIRCONIA
NANOPARTICLES:
• can increase brittleness
• reduces the impact strength
• lack of adhesion due to poor chemical
reaction at the interface between the particles
and PMMA or the inhomogeneous
distribution of the nanoparticles with
frequent clustering

05/23/2023 40
 A study conducted by Gad et al evaluated the effect of the incorporation of
ZrO2 nanoparticles with varying concentrations (2.5 wt%, 5 wt% and 7 wt%)
to PMMA denture bases on impact strength. The results showed that the
impact strength decreased with an increase in ZrO2 nanoparticle
concentration.

Fangqiang et al investigated the distribution of ZrO2 particles in PMMA

matrix using two strategies during mixing: Physical method and chemical
method. The chemically modified nanoparticle surfaces with MMA
enhanced the dispersion stability of the nanoparticles in the polymer
matrix. Owing to a combined physical and chemical preparation, it was
observed that the dispersion of ZrO2 nanoparticles in the polymer matrix
was enhanced and particle aggregation and phase separation decreased to
a demonstrable extent.

05/23/2023 41
 HYDROXYAPATITE NANOPARTICLES AND
PMMA
• superior mechanical properties
• increases the flexural strength of PMMA.
• excellent compatibility with tissues and skin
• shows increase in impact strength due to
formation of microfiller/ polymer efficient
network
• Concentration used- 2.5 to 10 wt%

05/23/2023 42
 In a study by Elboraey et al(2020), a novel drug delivery nanocarrier
(Hydroxyapatite nanoparticle) was successfully developed that allowed
sustained release of metronidazole drug over a prolonged period
upto 1 month. The developed nanocarrier was compatible physically
and chemically with the metronidazole drug and PMMA denture base
material.

Abdullah SZ evaluated the effect of hydroxyapatite microfillers in three

concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%) on surface roughness, impact strength,
flexural strength and hardness. He concluded that the impact strength
increased with reinforcement of denture bases with HA nanoparticles,
whereas the flexural strength decreased.

05/23/2023 43
 BONE GRAFT MATERIALS
• A complex and challenging field
• What is the aim?
• Indications:
Bone loss due to:
•Periodontal disease
•Aging
•Osteoporosis
•Trauma
•Neoplastic pathology
• Congenital defects

05/23/2023 44
 Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine

• Alternatives to conventional treatments

• Fundamental concept:

GROWTH FACTOR, CELL

SCAFFOLDS
AND /OR GENE DELIVERY

TISSUE ENGINEERING CONSTRUCT

05/23/2023 45
• In brief, the four crucial factors that must be
considered with TE/RM are:
1. Cells, which represent the fundamental structural unit
of any tissue,
2. A matrix such as “scaffolds”, as framework material
supporting the growth of cells to form a fully
organized tissue,
3. Biological factors like growth factors (GF) and bone
morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to guide cellular
activity and tissue formation,
4. Vascularization to provide oxygen and nutrients for
the cell metabolism, and to remove catabolic waste
products.
05/23/2023 46
 NANOSCAFFOLDS

• Reduced size of the nanoparticles permits a fast response to external

stimuli coming from the environment, like ultrasounds, magnetic fields, pH
and iX-ray exposure.
• Used to deliver drugs, genetic material or biological factors in a
controlled way, both systemically and locally.
• Controlled and sustained delivery by nanoparticles mainly depends on
their reduced size and related high specific surface area
• represent stimulus-sensitive delivery vehicles for chemically or biologically
active substances, which will provide a triggered delivery as a response to
an external stimulus.

Biologically, inspired rosette nanotubes and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite

hydrogel nanocomposites can be used as improved bone substitutes.
Nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite of 2 and 10% wt was well dispersed into
HRNs. It demonstrated improved mechanical properties, increased
osteoblast adhesion compared to hydroxyl appatite.
05/23/2023 47
 DENTAL IMPLANTS
• Osseointegration- apparent direct attachment
or connection of osseous tissue to an inert,
alloplastic material without intervening
fibrous connective tissue.

• To provide implant surfaces with better

biological properties
GOAL OF
• Adsorption of proteins
NANOTECHNOLOGY • Adhesion and differentiation of cells
• Tissue interaction

05/23/2023 48
 IMPLANT SURFACE MODIFICATIONS

TECHNIQUES

MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL BIOLOGICAL

ADDITIVE SUBTRACTIVE GROWTH FACTORS

TITANIUM PEPTIDES
PROCESSES
PLASMA PROCESSES
GRIT CALCIUM PHOSPHATE
SPRAYED BLASTING
HYDROXYAP ACID
ATITE ETCHING
COATINGS ELECTROPO
AND LISHING
CALCIUM MECHANICA
PHOSPHATE L POLISHING
OXIDATION LASER
ION MICROTEXT
DEPOSITION URING

05/23/2023 49
 •Anodic oxidation
•Highly biocompatible
TITANIUM NANOTUBES •Drug delivery effect
•Antimicrobial properties

05/23/2023 50
 FUNCTIONAL PEPTIDES

Bone drilled for Implant placed

implant insertion into the bone

Plasma proteins Water and ions

adhere to surface by come into contact
forming ionic bridges with implant surface

Replaced by ECM Recognised by

proteins (Fibronectin transmembrane
and vitronectin) proteins like integrins

Bone
healing

CORE FUNCTIONAL
PEPTIDES

05/23/2023 51
Examples of core functional peptides:
•Arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid sequence (from fibronectin)
•2 functional amino acid sequences from laminin
•A functional peptide from vitronectin
• Cytokines(growth factors) Bone morphogenetic proteins (for bone healing) and
Human recombinant BMP-2 ( for bone regeneration)

Advantage over original proteins:

 lower antigenicity
Simpler adjustability of the peptides

Problems faced with functional peptides:

Osteolysis
Active only in free forms

05/23/2023 52
 FLUORIDE TREATMENT
(CATHODIC REDUCTION)

• Affects osteoprogenitor cells

ELECTROCHEMICAL
and undifferentiated osteoblasts
CELL
to enhance bone formation
• Helpful for bone mineralization
• Stronger binding between bone
and implant surface
TITANIUM • High rates of success and
IMPLANT survival rates in clinical trials
(CATHODE) • Thought to become cytotoxic as
the number of ions increases on
the titanium implant surface.
Fluoride
ion
HYDROFLUORIC
ACID SOLUTION

05/23/2023 53
 HYDROXYAPATITE AND OTHER Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2
CALCIUM PHOSPHOROUS Main component of bone
COMPOUNDS Most commonly utilized coating
material for Ti dental implant surfaces

Spray parameters-
flame combination
and spraying flow
rate  affect
chemical and
physical features of
the HA coating.

ADVANTAGES:
• Biocompatible with the hard tissue
• Direct contact with bone and attachment of osteoblasts on the coating
surface.
• Enhanced bone apposition
• Prevention of metal-ion release into the bone from metal implants
05/23/2023 54
 DISADVANTAGES:
• ADHESIVE FAILURE: Delamination of the coating layer from the Ti dental implant
surface

Hinder bone healing and provoke inflammation around the implant inserted into
the bone.
• COHESIVE FAILURE: thick coating layer is able to make a breakage inside the
layer, especially at the implant in a load-bearing area.

The 5-year clinical success rate of the HA coated implant has been evaluated to
be approx. 95%. However, this success rate has dropped markedly to below 80%
after 10 years of implant placement.
05/23/2023 55
 Nano-scale modification produced by UV
irradiation by converting Ti4+ to Ti3+
PHOTOFUNCTIONALIZATION

05/23/2023 56
 A previous clinical study showed that the stability of implants inserted
into the patient’s jaw bones increased more rapidly when the implants were
UV- functionalized.
Retrospective clinical studies concluded that UV- mediated
photofunctionalization reduced early implant failure and the success rate
was 97.6% during the functional loading period of approximately 2.5 years.
No prospective long-term clinical study has yet been found in the field of
implant dentistry.

05/23/2023 57
 LASER ABLATION

05/23/2023 58
 Generates nano-channels
 Also able to produce micro-scale patterns by controlling laser processing
parameters.
 Fast osseointegration
 Connective tissue attachment
 Improved bone-to-implant contact
 Survival rate- 95.6% in a two-year retrospective study and 94% in another
5-year retrospective controlled study.
 Both hard and soft tissue responses are favorable.

05/23/2023 59
 SURFACE TREATMENT IMPLANT SYSTEM/SURFACE
BIOMET 3i OSSEOTITE® and NanoTite™
ACID ETCHED
Nobel Biocare TiUnite®
ANODIZED
DENTSPLY Implants ASTRA TECH TiOblast™,
BLASTED Zimmer Dental MTX™, Inclusive® Tapered
Implants
CAMLOG Promote®, DENTSPLY Implants
BLASTED AND
ACID-WASHED/ETCHED FRIALIT® and FRIADENT® plus, Straumann®
SLA®
Implant Direct (various), Zimmer Dental
HYDROXYAPATITE (HA) MP-1®
BioHorizons® Laser-Lok®
LASER ABLATION
Straumann® ITI® titanium plasma-sprayed
PLASMA-SPRAYED (TPS)

05/23/2023 60
 MODIFIED BIOACTIVE PEEK MATERIAL FOR
DENTAL IMPLANTS
• Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a thermoplastic compound
developed in 1978.

• Advantages:
1. High stability
2. Bio-inert
3. Low density(1.32g/cm3)
4. Young’s modulus close to the cortical bone.

05/23/2023 61
 Polymers possess hydrophobic surfaces with low surface energy reducing
the cellular adhesion

Neutralized by surface modification, coating or blending with bioactive

particles

• Increased hydrophilicity
• Increased osseoconduction
• Increased surface roughness

 Hydroxyapatite particles (HAp)

Composites
NANOPARTICLE MATERIALS Nano-filler composites
USED Titanium oxides
Fluoro-hydroxyapatite crystals
(HAF)
05/23/2023 62
 CONCLUSION
• Nanotechnology is set to revolutionize clinical dental practice. It has been
playing a significant role in changing phase of Prosthodontics.
• Nanomaterials have excellent physico-chemical properties and biomimetic
features for promoting cell growth and stimulating tissue regeneration, and
oral tissue engineering with nanomaterials seems to represent a great
potential with vital importance as future treatment modalities.
• However, nanomaterials should not be evaluated as optimum solutions for
every current problem. It should be understood that there are also
disadvantages of nanomaterials. An understanding of the risks for toxicity
and health effects of the nanoparticles will aid in future development and
research exploitation on a variety of nanomaterials.
• It is of a paramount importance that nanoresearch in prosthodontics must
be closely evaluated in biological dimension.

05/23/2023 63
 REFERENCES
1.Thomas B, Mathew CA, Muthuvignesh J. Nanotechnology- Applications in Prosthodontics: A Literature Review. J Orofac
Res 2014;4(2):103-110.
2.Gopinadh A, Prakash M, Lohitha K, Kishore KK, Chowdhary AS, Dev JR. The changing phase of prosthodontics:
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