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Supercapacitors are designed to bridge the gap between batteries and capacitors to form
fast-charging energy-storage devices of intermediate specific energy density.
Supercapacitors are important devices in energy-storage and conversion systems and are
used in electric vehicles, uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) as well as in memory
protection of computer electronics and cellular devices.
Compared with lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors also exhibit higher specific power
density.
Supercapacitors mainly store electrical charge only at the electrode surface rather than
within the entire electrode, so that they tend to have lower energy densities as compared
to batteries.
Conventional capacitor
Electrostatic Carbon and carbon Electrochemical Double layer mechanism Good specific capacitance, Higher
(EDLC) derivatives power density, Long life, Higher
cyclic stability. Lower energy
density.
Pseudo Metal oxides, Conducting Reversible Faradaic reactions Higher specific capacitance, Higher
capacitor polymers energy density, Lower cyclic
stability
Hybrid capacitor
Asymmetric type Different electrode Combination of Reversible Faradaic Higher Capacitance, Higher energy
materials reaction and Electro chemical double density, Higher stability, Moderate
for the electrodes layer mechanism power density, Lower cyclic life.
Symmetric type Same electrodes with same combination of Reversible Faradaic Moderate- high Capacitance,
composite materials. reaction and Electro chemical double Higher energy density, Higher
layer mechanism stability,
Moderate power density, Lower
cyclic life.
Battery Type Anode: Battery type Lithium intercalation and de- Cycle life is poor. Power Density is
electrode Cathode: Carbon intercalation mechanism as observed in comparatively low, Higher specific
battery capacitance and energy density
Applications Advantages
• High energy storage as a result of
using a porous activated carbon
Consumer electronics electrode to achieve high surface
area
Buffer power
• Low equivalent series resistance
Voltage stabilizer • Efficient performance at low
temperatures
Energy harvesting • Fast charge-discharge rate
Conducting polymers show pseudocapacitive nature thus they store charge used
faradic reaction.
On the other hand, conducting polymers do not have a high surface area, and thus,
the electrochemical performance of conducting polymer is considerably based on
solid-state diffusion, which is slow.
PANI as CP is the most viable option for pseudocapacitive composite owing to its
environmental stability, high ionic conductivity, multiple oxidation states, cost
effectiveness.
Activated carbon
Activated carbons can be made from various substances.
One of the best way to utilize waste material for such purposes
as it aids to solid waste managment.
Activated carbon can be made from rice husk, coconut shell,
bamboo , fruit peels, pine niddles etc
Citrus fruit peels are one of the best source for activated carbon
preparation.
Carbon nanomaterials provide a spacious scaffold for the
polymer to grow on, but their capacitive contribution is not as
much as pseudocapacitive materials such as conducting
polymers.
Asymmetric supercapacitors
Surface wettability
Nanofibrous 2010
PANI 1 M H2SO4 839 2000 88
Nanofibrous 2006
PANI 1 M H2SO4 861 1500 89
1 M H2SO4 2013
Sulfonated PANI 408 3000 93.2
PANI-LiPF6 1 M Et4NBF4 2008
74 2000 ∼100
PANI-LiPF6 1 M Et4NBF4 2006
107 3000 95.5
2008
PANI-LiPF6 Polyolefin 115 1800 ∼100
0.5 M H2SO4 2010
PANI/C 380 2000 88
0.5 M H2SO4 2011
PANI/CNT 1486 1000 93.2
PVA/H3PO4 2009
PANI/CNT 1065 1000 80.7
0.1 M H2SO4 2014
PANI/MWCNT 440 1500 88
1 M H2SO4 2011
PANI/SWCNT 560 1000 ∼100
Contd…
Material Electrolyte Specific No. of Capacitance Year
capacitance(F cycles retention
/g) (%)
PANI/activated 4 M KCl NR
273 NR 2005
carbon (16 wt%)
MWCNT/PAni NR NR
328 NR 2007
PAni/SWCNT NR
485 NR 2004
NR
Contd…
Material Electrolyte Specific No. of Capacitance Year
capacitance(F cycles retention
/g) (%)
CSA-PANI/RGO
1 M H2SO4 431 500 74 2014
Ppy/TiN/PANI
Polypyrrole/titani
um
nitride/polyaniline NR 1471.9 NR NR 2016
coaxial
nanotube hybrid
NiO-GNS/PANI
Nano nickel oxide-
coated NR NR 2016
NR 1409
graphene/polyanili
ne
PANI/Graphene
965 NR NR 2014
Non-irradiated HCl
Gel polymer
doped PAni 259 NR NR 2017
electrolyte
Contd…
Material Electrolyte Specific No. of Capacitance Year
capacitance(F cycles retention
/g) (%)
PANI nanowires
1 M H2SO4
68 Wh/kg 742 1500 92 2005
16 kW/kg
Nanofibrous PANI 1 M H2SO4 861 2000 82 2010
Hydrogel-
1 M methane
Assisted PANI 703 NR NR 2009
sulfonic acid
Microfiber
Self-doped PANI
0.5 Na2SO4 408 NR NR 2012
on carbon cloth
Sulfonated PANI 1 M H2SO4 1107 NR NR 2017
PANI-HCl 1 M Et4NBF4 70 1000 57 2002
PANI-NWs/CC NR 1079 NR NR 2010
PANI/CF NR 188 NR NR 2011
PANI/C60
Covalent bonding
of PANI onto
para- NR 776 NR NR 2012
phenylenediamin
Contd…
Material Electrolyte Specific No. of Capacitance Year
capacitance(F cycles retention
/g) (%)
PANI-NRs/MWCNT
NR 515 NR NR 2011
PANI/graphene
NR 375 NR NR 2011
PANI/graphene
NR 587 NR NR 2012
PANI
NFs/graphene NR 526 NR NR 2012
PANI
NFs/graphene NR 301 NR NR 2011
Contd…
Material Electrolyte Specific No. of Capacitance Year
capacitance(F cycles retention
/g) (%)
There is no article where citrus peels extract is used for PANI synthesis the
way I intend to do as per my knowledge.
Also the peels post extraction can be used for Activated carbon
preparation with different activation technique.
Vacuum filtration
Drying 60 °C
Carbon Based Material
60 μL of dispersion dropped on
carbon paper & dried at
atmospheric conditions
Contd…
Electrode
CV (Cyclic voltametry)