• Climate Change

• Global Warming From

Fossil Fuel
• Ozone Layer Depletion
MEMBERS :
Abedin, Badria
Abobakar, Shaira
Adim, Raida
Akil, Norpiya
Akmad, Alondra
Alaya-ay, Ashly mae
Ali, Asmira
H. Usman, Shaima
 Table of contents

1 2 3
What is the Global Warming Ozone Layer
climate change? from Fossil Fuels Depletion
CAUSES & EFFECTS CAUSES & EFFECTS CAUSES & EFFECTS
WHAT IS CLIMATE CHANGE ?

 It is a change which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters

the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural
climate variability observed over comparative time periods.
CAUSES OF CLIMATE CHANGE

 Human Causes
• Greenhouse Gases
• Deforestation
• Coal Mining
• Burning of fossils fuels
• Industrial Processes
CAUSES
Greenhouse Gases
 A gas that produces the greenhouse effect by both absorbing and emitting radiant
radiation in the thermal infrared range which is referred to be a greenhouse gas.
The primary greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of Earth are water vapor, carbon
dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated gases.
CAUSES
Deforestation
 Refers to the decrease in forest areas across the world that are lost for
other uses such as agricultural croplands, urbanization, or mining
activities. It takes place either underground or through surface/ opencast
operations.
CAUSES
Burning of fossils fuels
 Are burned to produce energy. In large power stations they are burned in the
presence of oxygen. As the fuel burns the heat energy is used to heat water, as it is
heated it produces steam which in turn rises and drives a turbine. The energy
conversion goes from chemical energy stored in the fuels, to heat energy as it burns
which is converted to kinetic energy as it drives large turbines and finally this is
converted to electrical energy.
CAUSES
Industrial Processes
 Is the transformation of a society from agrarian to a manufacturing or industrial
economy. Industrial processes are procedures involving chemical, physical,
electrical or mechanical steps to aid in the manufacturing of an items, usually
carried out on a very large scale.
Natural Causes
• Volcanic Eruption
• Ocean Current
• Earth Orbital Changes
• Solar Variations
 
 Natural Causes
Volcanic Eruption
 Are the sudden movements associated with the internal forces of the
earth. A volcano is a vent in the earth's crust from which the fiery hot
magma erupts from the earth's interior.
 Natural Causes
Ocean Current
 The oceans are a major component of the climate system. Ocean
currents are located at the ocean surface and in deep water below 300
meters (984 feet). They can move water horizontally and vertically and
occur on both local and global scales.
 Natural Causes
Earth Orbital Changes
 Changes in the Earth's orbit around the sun and changes in the tilt and
wobble of the Earth's axis can lead to cooling or warming of the Earth's
climate because they change the amount of energy our planet receives
from the sun.
 Natural Causes
Solar Variation
 Is the changes in the amount of radiation emitted by the Sun.
EFFECTS
Hotter temperatures

 Nearly all land areas are seeing more hot days and heat waves; 2020 was one of the
hottest years on record. Higher temperatures increase heat-related illnesses and can
make it more difficult to work and move around. Wildfires start more easily and spread
more rapidly when conditions are hotter.
Greenhouse gases are trapping more heat in the Earth's atmosphere, which is causing
average temperatures to rise all over the world
EFFECTS
More severe storms

 Changes in temperature cause changes in rainfall. This results in more severe and
frequent storms. They cause flooding and landslides, destroying homes and
communities, and costing billions of pounds.
Evaporation intensifies as temperatures rise, and so does the transfer of heat from the
oceans to the air. As the storms travel across warm oceans, they pull in more water vapor
and heat. That means stronger wind, heavier rainfall and more flooding when the storms
hit land.
EFFECTS
Increased drought

 Warmer temperatures enhance evaporation, which reduces surface water and dries out
soils and vegetation. This makes periods with low precipitation drier than they would be
in cooler conditions. Climate change is also altering the timing of water availability.
Droughts are costly and affect people inside and outside the areas directly experiencing
dry conditions, especially when a drought affects agricultural regions. Beyond direct
economic impacts to a number of industries, drought can threaten drinking water supplies
and ecosystems, increase wildfire risk, and contribute to increased food prices.
EFFECTS
Rise in Sea Level

 Sea level rise poses a serious threat to coastal life around the world.
Consequences include increased intensity of storm surges, flooding, and
damage to coastal areas. In many cases, this is where large population
canters are located, in addition to fragile wildlife habitats
EFFECTS
Loss of species

 Climate change poses risks to the survival of species on land and in the
ocean. These risks increase as temperatures climb. Forest fires, extreme
weather and invasive pests and diseases are among many threats. Some
species will be able to relocate and survive, but others will not.
EFFECTS
Not enough food

 Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and
affect food quality. For example, projected increases in temperatures,
changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events,
and reductions in water availability may all result in reduced agricultural
productivity.
EFFECTS
More health risks

 Changing weather patterns are expanding diseases such as malaria.

Extreme weather events increase disease and death, and make it difficult
for health care systems to keep up. Other risks to health include
increased hunger and poor nutrition in places where people cannot grow
or find sufficient food.
 GLOBAL
WARMING
FROM FOSSIL
FUEL
What is global warming ?

 Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth’s surface observed

since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human
activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases heat-trapping
greenhouse gas levels in Earth’s atmosphere. This term is not
interchangeable with the term "climate change."
What is global warming ?

 The planet is warming, from North Pole to South Pole. Since 1906, the global average
surface temperature has increased by more than 1.6 degrees Fahrenheit (0.9 degrees
Celsius)—even more in sensitive polar regions.
 Ice is melting worldwide, especially at the Earth’s poles. This includes mountain
glaciers, ice sheets covering West Antarctica and Greenland, and Arctic sea ice.
 “We can observe this happening in real time in many places” Josef Werne, a
professor of geology and environmental science at the University of Pittsburgh.
The effects of this are the following:
1. Hotter temperatures
2. Sea Level Rise
3. Affecting Wildlife and their Habitat
4. Hurricanes and other storms are likely
to become stronger.
5. Floods and droughts will become more
common.
6. Less freshwater will be available
7. Some diseases will spread
GLOBAL WARMING FROM FOSSIL FUEL

What is fossil fuel?

 The burning of fossil fuels refers to the burning of oil, natural gas, and coal to generate energy. We use this energy
to generate electricity, and to power transportation (for example, cars and planes) and industrial processes. Ever
since the invention of the first coal-fired steam engines of the 1700s, our burning of fossil fuels has steadily
increased.
 Fossil fuels are formed from the decomposition of buried carbon-based organisms that died millions of years ago.
They create carbon-rich deposits that are extracted and burned for energy. They are non-renewable and currently
supply around 80% of the world’s energy. They are also used to make plastic, steel and a huge range of products.
There are three types of fossil fuel – coal, oil and gas.
 The burning of fossil fuels is the primary cause of current climate change, altering the Earth’s ecosystems and
causing human and environmental health problems.
Example of Fossil Fuel
 Fossil fuel is generic term for non- renewable
energy sources such as coal, coal products,
natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products and
non- renewable wastes.these fuel originate from
plants and animals that existed in the geological
past.
What is the link between fossil fuels and Global Warming?

 When fossil fuel are burned, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide, a
greenhouse gas, into the air. Greenhouse gases trap heat in our atmosphere, causing
GLOBAL WARMING, The heat-trapping pollutants—specifically carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, and synthetic fluorinated gases—are known as
greenhouse gases, and their impact is called the greenhouse effect.
 Already the average global temperature has increased by 1C. Warming above 1.5°C
risks further sea level rise, extreme weather, biodiversity loss and species extinction, as
well as food scarcity, worsening health and poverty for millions of people worldwide
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING ARE :
1. Burning fossil fuels
-When we burn fossil fuels like coal, and gas to create electricity or power our cars, we release CO2
pollution into the atmosphere.

2. Deforestation & Tree-Clearing

-Plants and trees play an important role in regulating the climate because they absorb carbon
dioxide from the air and release oxygen back into it. Forests and bushland act as carbon sinks and are a
valuable means of keeping global warming to 1.5°C.
CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING ARE :
3. Agriculture & Farming
-Animals, livestock like sheep and cattle, produce methane, a greenhouse gas. When livestock
grazed at a large scale, as in Australia, the amount of methane produced is a big contributor to global
warming.
Methods to reduce Global Warming
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
Reduce waste
Used LED bulbs
Drive less and drive smart
Reduce the use of electronic devices
Spread awareness
Plant trees

Conclusion
➢ The main reason for global warming is human activities and their side effect, so we must
try to reduce illegal activities and spread awareness. Additionally, global warming is
happening due to the greenhouse effect due to burning of fuels, deforestation, live stock
roduction and industializations
 OZONE
LAYER
DEPLETION
WHAT IS OZONE LAYER

-The ozone layer is a high concentration that is found in the stratosphere prevents harmful wavelengths
of ultraviolet (UVB) light from passing through the Earth's atmosphere.
-Ozone depletion is consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of
about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in
stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions. The latter phenomenon is referred to as the
ozone hole. There are also springtime polar tropospheric ozone depletion events in addition to these
stratospheric events
CAUSES OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

The main causes of ozone depletion and the ozone hole are manufactured chemicals, especially manufactured halocarbon
refrigerants, solvents, propellants, and foam-blowing agents (chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), HCFCs, halons), referred to as ozone-
depleting substances (ODS). These compounds are transported into the stratosphere by turbulent mixing after being emitted from
the surface, mixing much faster than the molecules can settle. Once in the stratosphere, they release atoms from the halogen group
through photo dissociation, which catalyse the breakdown of ozone (O3) into oxygen (O2). Both types of ozone depletion were
observed to increase as emissions of halocarbons increased.
Effects of Ultraviolet light are:
• skin cancer
• sunburn
• permanent blindness
• Cataracts
• Harm plants and animals
Montreal Protocol in 1987- bans the production of CFCs, halons, and other ozone-
depleting chemicals. The ban came into effect in 1989. Ozone levels stabilized by the mid-
1990s and began to recover in the 2000s, as the shifting of the jet stream in the southern
hemisphere towards the south pole has stopped and might even be reversing.
 Three forms (or allotropes) of oxygen are involved in the ozone-oxygen cycle: oxygen atoms (O or atomic oxygen), oxygen gas
(O2 or diatomic oxygen), and ozone gas (O3 or triatomic oxygen). Ozone is formed in the stratosphere when oxygen gas molecules
photo dissociate after absorbing UVC photons. This converts a single O2 into two atomic oxygen radicals. The atomic oxygen radicals
then combine with separate O2 molecules to create two O3 molecules. These ozone molecules absorb UVB light, following which
ozone splits into a molecule of O2 and an oxygen atom. The oxygen atom then joins up with an oxygen molecule to regenerate ozone.
This is a continuing process that terminates when an oxygen atom recombines with an ozone molecule to make two O2 molecules. It is
worth noting that ozone is the only atmospheric gas that absorbs UVB light.
Ozone is a highly reactive molecule that easily reduces to the more stable oxygen form with the assistance of a catalyst. Cl and Br
atoms destroy ozone molecules through a variety of catalytic cycles. In the simplest example of such a cycle, a chlorine atom reacts
with an ozone molecule (O3), taking an oxygen atom to form chlorine monoxide (ClO) and leaving an oxygen molecule (O2 ) The ClO
can react with a second molecule of ozone, releasing the chlorine atom and yielding two molecules of oxygen. The chemical shorthand
for these gas-phase reactions is:
Cl· + O

3 → ClO + O²

A chlorine atom removes an oxygen atom from an ozone molecule to make a ClO molecule

ClO + O3 → Cl· + 2 O²

This ClO can also remove an oxygen atom from another ozone molecule; the chlorine is free to repeat this two-step cycle
EFFECTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION
Increased tropospheric ozone
Increased surface UV leads to increased tropospheric ozone. Ground-level ozone is generally recognized to be a
health risk, as ozone is toxic due to its strong oxidant properties. The risks are particularly high for young children, the
elderly, and those with asthma or other respiratory difficulties. At this time, ozone at ground level is produced mainly by
the action of UV radiation on combustion gases from vehicle exhausts

Increased production of vitamin

Vitamin D is produced in the skin by ultraviolet light. Thus, higher UVB exposure raises human vitamin D in
those deficient in it. Recent research (primarily since the Montreal Protocol) shows that many humans have less than
optimal vitamin D levels.
EFFECTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Effects on animals

Institute of Zoology in London (November 2011 ) found that whales off the coast of California have shown a
sharp rise in sun damage, and these scientists "fear that the thinning ozone layer is to blame". The study photographed
and took skin biopsies from over 150 whales in the Gulf of California and found "widespread evidence of epidermal
damage commonly associated with acute and severe sunburn.
Apart from whales many other animals such as dogs, cats, sheep and terrestrial ecosystems also suffer the
negative effects of increased UV-B radiations
EFFECTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Effects on crops

An increase of UV radiation would be expected to affect crops. A number of economically important species of
plants, such as rice, depend on cyanobacteria residing on their roots for the retention of nitrogen. Cyanobacteria are
sensitive to UV radiation and would be affected by its increase. "Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair the effects of
increased ultraviolet radiation, plants have a limited ability to adapt to increased levels of UVB, therefore plant growth
can be directly affected by UVB radiation."
EFFECTS OF OZONE LAYER DEPLETION

Effects on plant life

Depletion of the ozone layer and allowing excess UVB radiation would initially be assumed to increase
damage done to plant DNA.
Reports have found that when plants are exposed to UVB radiation similar to stratospheric ozone
depletion, there was no significant change in plant height or leaf mass, but showed a response in shoot
biomass and leaf area with a small decrease.
UVB damage only occurs under extreme exposure, and most plants also have UVB absorbing
flavonoids which allow them to acclimatize to the radiation present.
Damage from UVB radiation is more likely to be significant on species interactions than on plants
themselves
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