In this quarter, learners are expected to:

 demonstrates understanding of how Anglo-American literature and

other text types serve as means of valuing other people;
also how to use processing information strategies, different forms of
adverbs and conditionals
for him/her to play an active part in a Chamber Theatre
presentation.
Our goal at the end of this quarter is to:

proficiently play an active part in a Chamber Theatre presentation

through employing effective verbal and non- verbal strategies based
on the following criteria: Focus, Voice, Delivery, Facial Expressions,
Style and Body Movements or Gestures.
 English 9
Anglo-American Literature

Quarter 2 Topic 2
TYPES AND FEATURES OF PROSE
AND POETRY
Prepared By:
TEACHER ICEAL IVO P. SAYO
At the end of this session, learners will
be able to:

EN9WC-IIg9.2: Identify types and features of short prose.

EN9WC-IIc-10: Distinguish the features present in poetry and in prose.
Learners will also be able to answer the
following questions:

1. What are the different types of prose and poetry?

2. What are the features of prose and poetry?
3. How does prose and poetry differ?
Why do we need to learn about prose
and poetry?
Through studying prose and poetry, it enables ourselves to better
understand social situations, history, our own emotions, and various
cultural practices. It also makes one more empathetic (more
understanding to others) through a better understanding of their culture.
By exposing ourselves to different literary genres, we may find that the
story in our heads work better in a different literary category. Reading
from different genres will give us a deeper and richer appreciation for
the genres that we are familiar with. We can then easily and quickly
adjust to the writing practices and styles and apply them as needed in
different fields.
What is Prose?
a literary device referring to writing that is structured in a grammatical way, with words and phrases
that build sentences and paragraph
features language that flows in natural patterns of everyday speech
The Four Common Types of Prose
1. Fictional Prose: A literary work that is wholly or partly imagined or theoretical.
2. Nonfictional Prose: A literary work that is mainly based on fact, though it may contain fictional
elements in certain cases.
3. Heroic Prose: A literary work that may be written down or recited, and which employs many of
the formulaic expressions found in oral tradition.
4. Prose Poetry: A literary work that exhibits poetic quality – using emotional effects and
heightened imagery – but which are written in prose instead of verse.
 The 6 Main Elements of Prose
#1 SETTING
the time and place in which the story takes place
May be composed of only one story setting (like in a short story), or many different settings
spanning different locations and times.
To identify the setting these questions must be answered:
Which nation or land formed the backdrop of the story? Did it take in a city or somewhere
remote? Was it prominently near the sea or beach, or in the mountains?
When did the story take place? Is it in the past, the present, the future or a mix of all three? IS
the time imaginary (like in fairy tales) or realistically set in a time in human history?
Was there an alternative reality in the setting? (the story may begin with a normal timeline in the
past or present then divert to a made-up time and occurrence like a war occurring in the 1990s)
#2 CHARACTERS
The people (or things or animals) who are featured in the story
 The character should be identified if they are:
The protagonist, the hero or the central character of the story (in some instances, the
protagonist is the “antihero” or villain of the story.
The antagonist, the opponent of the main character. The one who stirs up trouble and is often
the main cause of tension in the plot line.
Peripheral characters, or static characters, don’t change much in the story, are reliable in setting
the context but don’t do much to compel the plot forward
Dynamic characters start off as unassuming but slowly move toward the center of the storyline
to become closer to the main character, and increase in importance.
The confidante, or sidekick, takes the role of a wise or philosophical character (but not always)
# 3 CONFLICT
The main challenge that the protagonist must overcome
Compels the plot forward and is usually resolved during the plot’s climax
Has four types:
Man vs Man, the protagonist must prevent the antagonist from doing something harmful
Man vs Nature, the protagonist must go up against a challenge that occurs in nature (like
escaping a jungle or a natural disaster like tsunamis, etc.)
Man vs Self, the protagonist has inner struggles to overcome in order to succeed. It may be
getting over a lost love, learning courage, or achieving a personal goal.
Man vs Society, the protagonist may identify an enemy or problem that they must overcome
Note: There are some instances in which a story has multiple conflicts
#4 THEME
The central argument or big idea that the author wants to convey
Often associated with the “moral” of the story
Attempts to convey a piece of wisdom or a fundamental truth about human nature
Common Types of Theme

Good vs. evil Seeking freedom

True love Political corruption
The absurdity of life The power of redemption
The pain of war The importance of faith
#5 PLOT
The sequence of events that tell the story
Also referred to as the narrative structure
The parts of a plot are:
Exposition, which begins the story. It provides the necessary background information like the
setting and character details. It may also outline the relationships between characters and
any other important information.
Rising Action introduces the challenges, conflicts and complications, and is the longest part
of the story. The author aims to create and build tension to entertain the reader and also
create a “page turner” type of a story.
Climax, or the turning point of the story where the tension in the plotline reaches its most
exciting part. A good climax usually has a twist or a big reveal. Other examples of climax are a
car chase, a big battle, or an exposure.
Falling Action, concludes the key scenes that occurred in the climax. This segment is brief as
tension starts to dissolve.
Resolution, or denouement, gives a sense of closure. It ties up loose ends in character
plotlines and explains what becomes of the key characters after the story. Examples of
resolutions are Frodo Baggins in Lord of the Rings sailing to the Grey Havens and Sam
marrying Rosie Cotton, or the final train scene in Harry Potter showing the Golden Trio with
their own kids about to ride the Hogwarts Express for the first time.
#6 POINT OF VIEW
How the story is told
There are three points of view:
The first person point of view, in which the story is told by the protagonist. It usually uses the
first person phrases like “I” or “We”. A benefit of first person point of view is that you can get
inside the head of the main character, that is, you can know what they are thinking and what
their opinion is with the other characters.
 The second person point of view is narrated by an outsider (not part of the story) and is
usually identifiable when the author directly says “you” to the reader. This is commonly
referred to as “breaking the fourth wall” and is like we are having a conversation with the
author.
The third person point of view is the most common type. It does not talk directly to the
reader and does not insert itself to the story either. Most third persons have an omniscient
reader, someone who is all-knowing and can get into the characters’ heads and explain their
thoughts. The author tells the story as if looking through a looking glass. They refer to
characters using terms as “he” “she” or “they”.
In some cases, to add tension and mystery to the story, the limited omniscient reader is used
by the author. In this point of view, some thoughts and information related to the story is
withheld and a part if the story cannot be seen or known by the reader until the climax.
What is Poetry?
a form of literature that uses aesthetic and often rhythmic qualities of language − such as
phonaesthetics, sound symbolism, and meter − to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of,
a prosaic ostensible meaning.
Types of Poetry
Narrative Poems tell a story. Its structure resembles the plot line of a story (see plot).Some
types of narrative poems are epics and ballads. Some common examples of narrative poems
are The Iliad by Homer and The Canterbury Tales
Lyric Poems expresses strong thoughts or feelings and usually has only one speaker. Some
types of lyric poems are elegy, sonnet, and ode. Some example of lyric poems are The Road
Not Taken by Robert Frost and Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe
Dramatic Poems are dramas (or a plays) whose entire script is written in poetic verse rather
than in prose. It usually portrays a story of life or character and usually involves conflict and
emotions. It includes a plot that unfolds with action and dialogue.
 THE ELEMENTS OF POETRY
STANZA
Series of lines grouped together and separated by an empty line from other stanzas
Equivalent to a paragraph in an essay
To identify stanzas, count the number of lines:

Couplets are two lines Sestet are six lines

Tercet are three lines Septet are seven lines
Quatrain are four lines Octave are eight lines
Cinquain are five lines
RHYME SCHEME
The repetition of similar sounds
Most common are end rhymes, which occur at the end of two or more lines and are identified
with lower case letters, and a new letter is used to identify each new end sound.
Example: I saw a fairy in the wood
She was dressed all in green
She drew her sword while I just stood
And realized I’d been seen
The rhyme scheme for the above stanza is abab.
Note: Most modern poems do not have a fixed rhyme.
TYPES OF RHYMES
Perfect Rhyme, also known as exact rhyme, full rhyme or true rhyme. A rhyme where both
words share the exact assonance and the same number of syllables.
Example: sky – high, skylight – highlight
Slant Rhyme, also known as half rhyme, near rhyme or imperfect rhyme. A rhyme formed by
words with similar, but not identical, assonance and /or the number of syllables.
Example: worm – swarm, crate – braid, hat – bad
Eye Rhyme. Two words that look similar, but do not actually rhyme in spoken pronunciation.
Example: move – love, hour – pour
Masculine Rhyme. A rhyme between the final stressed syllables of two lines.
Example: book – cook, decays – days, disdain – complain
Feminine Rhyme. A multi-syllable rhyme where both stressed and unstressed syllables rhyme
with their respective counterparts.
Example: crazy – lazy, passion – fashion
In both examples, the first syllables are stressed rhymes (cra – la, pa – fa) while the second
syllable is unstressed (zy – zy, ssion – shion)
End Rhymes. The most commonly used rhyme. Occurs between the final words on two or more
lines of a poem. End rhymes can either be masculine (below – furlough) or feminine (actual –
factual)
RHYTHM AND METER SCHEME
Meter. The systematic regularity of rhythm. The systematic sound is usually identified by
examining the type of “foot” and the number of “feet”. The number of “feet” is determined by
the number of repetitions of the type of “foot” in the line.
Example: I / fell / in / love / a / se / cond / time
˄ / ˄ / ˄ / ˄ /
The type of “foot” is iamb (to be discussed on the next slides) and the number of “iambs” in the
line is four. So the meter would be tetrameter (or four iambs)
To count:
one (mono), two (di), three (tri), four (tetra), five (penta), six (hexa), and seven (hepta)
Poetic Foot. The traditional number of rhythmical units. It is distinguished as a recurring pattern
of two or three syllables in a line. The pattern, or foot, is designated according to the number of
syllables contained, and the relationship in each foot between the strong and weak syllables. To
identify it, we use symbols:
/ = a stressed (strong or loud) syllable
˄ = an unstressed (weak or quiet) syllable
Any line of poetry with a systematic rhythm has a certain number of feet, and each foot has two
or three syllables with a constant beat pattern.
Types of Rhythmic Pattern
IAMB. (iambic). Weak syllable followed by strong syllable.
Example: I / fell / in / love / a / se / cond / time
˄ / ˄ / ˄ / ˄ /
TROCHEE. (trochaic). Strong syllable followed by weak syllable.
Example: He / was / forged / from / fire / and / brim / stone.
/ ˄ / ˄ / ˄ / ˄
ANAPEST. (anapestic). Two weak syllables followed by a strong syllable.
Example: In / her / room / at / the / prow / of / the / house.
˄ ˄ / ˄ ˄ / ˄ ˄ /
DACTYL. (dactylic). A strong syllable followed by two weak syllables.
Example: How / shall / I / know / whe / ther / they / will / come / back / for / me.
/ ˄ ˄ / ˄ ˄ / ˄ ˄ / ˄ ˄
SPONDEE. (spondaic). Two strong syllables that usually appear at the end of the line.
Example: tooth / ache book / mark hand / shake
/ / / / / /