This document discusses various methods for collecting data for research purposes. It describes primary data as original data collected fresh for a study, while secondary data has already been previously collected and analyzed. Common primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and conducted in-person, by telephone, or as group interviews. Questionnaires are often mailed to respondents while schedules are filled out by enumerators who directly question respondents. Other collection methods mentioned include surveys, panels, and audits.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data for research purposes. It describes primary data as original data collected fresh for a study, while secondary data has already been previously collected and analyzed. Common primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and conducted in-person, by telephone, or as group interviews. Questionnaires are often mailed to respondents while schedules are filled out by enumerators who directly question respondents. Other collection methods mentioned include surveys, panels, and audits.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data for research purposes. It describes primary data as original data collected fresh for a study, while secondary data has already been previously collected and analyzed. Common primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and conducted in-person, by telephone, or as group interviews. Questionnaires are often mailed to respondents while schedules are filled out by enumerators who directly question respondents. Other collection methods mentioned include surveys, panels, and audits.
This document discusses various methods for collecting data for research purposes. It describes primary data as original data collected fresh for a study, while secondary data has already been previously collected and analyzed. Common primary data collection methods include observation, interviews, questionnaires, and schedules. Interviews can be structured or unstructured and conducted in-person, by telephone, or as group interviews. Questionnaires are often mailed to respondents while schedules are filled out by enumerators who directly question respondents. Other collection methods mentioned include surveys, panels, and audits.
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DATA COLLECTION
A.KARTHIK Research scholar
Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr.Sagunthala R&D Institute of
Science and Technology ,Avadi ,Chennai, India Data Collection
Data collection is a process of collecting
information from all the relevant sources to find answers to the research problem, test the hypothesis and evaluate the outcomes. The task of data collection begins after a research problem has been defined and research design /plan chalked out. TYPES OF DATA • 1) PRIMARY DATA : Are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character and known as Primary data. • 2) SECONDARY DATA : Are those which have been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process are known as Secondary data COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA There are several methods of collecting primary data, particularly in surveys and descriptive researches. In descriptive research, we obtain primary data either through observation or through direct communication with respondents in one form or another or through personal interviews. COLLECTION OF SECONDARY DATA These are already available i.e. they refer to the data which have already been collected and analyzed by someone else. Secondary data may either be published or unpublished data. Researcher must be very careful in using secondary data, because the data available may be sometimes unsuitable. Methods of data Collection :Primary Data OBSERVATION METHOD : Observation method is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field. In the words of P.V. Young, “Observation may be defined as systematic viewing, coupled with consideration of seen phenomenon.” ADVANTAGES Subjective bias eliminated Information researcher gets is Current information Independent to respondent’s variable DISADVANTAGES It is expensive method Limited information Unforeseen factors may interfere with observational task Respondents opinion can not be recorded on certain subject INTERVIEW METHOD This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. Interview This is Oral Verbal communication Method . Where asks questions( which are interviewer aimed to get information required for study ) to respondent There are different type of interviews as follows : PERSONAL INTERVIEWS : The interviewer asks questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person or persons. Types of personal interview Personal Interview Structured Interview Predetermined questions Flexibility in asking questions Standardized techniques No Predetermined questions of recording. No Standardized techniques of Interviewer follows recording rigid procedure laid down i.e. •Interviewer has freedom to ask, asking recording questions omit add questions in any in form & order prescribed manner Time required for such interview Ask questions without following omit , add questions in any is less sequence than non structured manner interview Analysis of data is difficult Not necessary of skill or specific knowledge Analysis of data becomes easier Deep knowledge & skill required Bcoz information is required collected in prescribed manner Merits of Personal Interview Information at greater depth Flexibility of restructuring the Questionnaire Interviewer by his skill can come over resistance Non Response generally low Samples can controlled more effectively Personal information can be obtained De Merits Of Interview Expensive method Respondent may give bias information Some Executive people are not approachable so data collected may be inadequate Takes more time when samples are more Systematic errors may be occurred Supervisors has to do complex work of selecting ,training and supervising the field staff TELEPHONIC INTERVIEWS Contacting samples on telephone Uncommon method may be used in developed regions MERITS Flexible compare to mailing method Faster than other methods Cheaper than personal interview method Callbacks are simple and economical also High response than mailing method. when it is not possible to contact the respondent directly, then interview is conducted through – Telephone. DEMERITS Little time is given to respondents Survey is restricted to respondents who have telephones Not suitable for intensive survey where comprehensive answers are required Bias information may be more Very difficult to make questionnaire because it should short and to the point Structured interviews In this case, a set of pre- decided questions are there. Unstructured interviews : in this case, we don’t follow a system of pre-determined questions. Focused interviews : attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects. Clinical interviews : concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of individual’s life experience, rather than with the effects of the specific experience, as in the case of focused interview. Group interviews : a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed. Qualitative and quantitative interviews : divided on the basis of subject matter i.e. whether qualitative or quantitative. Individual interviews : interviewer meets a single person and interviews him. Selection interviews : done for the selection of people for certain jobs. Depth interviews : it deliberately aims to elicit unconscious as well as other types of material relating especially to personality dynamics and motivations. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD This method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of big enquiries. The questionnaire is mailed to respondents who are expected to read and understand the questions and write down the reply in the space meant for the purpose in the questionnaire itself. The respondents have to answer the questions on their own. Questionnaire Method Questionnaire is sent to persons with request to answer the questions and return the questionnaire Questions are printed in definite order , mailed to samples who are expected to read that questions understand the questions and write the answers in provided space . Merits of Questionnaire • Merits of Questionnaire Low cost even the geographical area is large to cover Answers are in respondents word so free from bias Adequate time to think for answers Non approachable respondents may be conveniently contacted Large samples can be used so results are more reliable Demerits of Questionnaire Demerits of Questionnaire Low rate of return of duly filled questionnaire Can be used when respondent is educated and co operative It is inflexible Omission of some questions Difficult to know the expected respondent have filled the form or it is filled by some one else Slowest method of data collection SCHEDULE METHOD It is one of the important methods for the study of social problems. Schedules Like Questionnaires but it filled by enumerator . Enumerators are specially appointed for filling questionnaire Enumerators explain the aim and objective to respondent and fill the answers in provided space . In the words of Thomas Carson Macormic, “The schedule is nothing more than a list of questions which it seems necessary to test the hypothesis .” Questionnaire V/S Schedule Questionnaire Schedule Q generally sent Schedule is filled by the through mail and no enumerator or research further assistance from worker sender Costly requires filed Q is cheaper method workers Non response is high Non responses is low Other Methods Of Data Collection Warranty Cards Post card size cards sent to customers and feedback collected through asking questions on that card Distributor or Store Audits Audits are done by distributor or manufacturer’s salesperson. Observation or copying information about inventory in retail shops. Useful method for knowing market share ,market size , effect of in store promotion. Pantry Audits From the observation of pantry of customer to know purchase habit of the people (which product , of what brand etc.) Questions may be asked at the time of audit Consumer Panels When pantry audit is done at regular basis, Daily record of consumption of certain customers. Or repeatedly interviewed at the specific periods to know their consumption. Transitory consumer panels – for limited time Continuing Consumer panel For indefinite period. SURVEY METHOD One of the common methods of diagnosing and solving of social problems is that of undertaking surveys. Festinger and Kat of the opinion that, “Many research problems require systematic collection of data from population through the use of personal interviews or other data gathering devices”. PANEL METHOD In this method, data is collected from the same sample respondents at the some interval either by mail or by personal interview This is used for studies on : 1) Expenditure Pattern 2) Consumer Behavior 3) Effectiveness of Advertising 4) Voting Behavior and so on Secondary DataSources of data Publications of Central, state , local government. Technical and trade journals. Books, Magazines, Newspaper. Reports & publications of industry ,bank, stock exchange. Reports by research scholars, Universities, economist. Public Records. Factors to be considered before using secondary data Reliability of data – Who, when , which methods, at what time etc. Suitability of data – Object ,scope, and nature of original inquiry should be studied, as if the study was with different objective then that data is not suitable for current study Adequacy of data– Level of accuracy, Area differences then data is not adequate for study Selection of proper Method for collection of Data Nature ,Scope and object of inquiry Availability of Funds Time Factor Precision Required.