APA Citation 7th
APA Citation 7th
APA Citation 7th
CITATION
PLAGIARISM
A parenthetical citation includes both the author’s last name and year of
publication, separated by a comma, in parentheses at the end of the sentence.
Ex: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students
(Atkins, 2018).
A narrative citation includes the author’s name directly in the sentence, with the
year of publication directly following the author’s last name.
Ex: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for
students.
There is more than one way to place the citation within your text.
Author-prominent citations
In his research, Leskowitz (2017) explores mindfulness, biofeedback …
Information-prominent citations
… applying up-to-the-minute advances in holistic and complementary
medicine (Leskowitz, 2017).
APA 7th is an 'author/date' system, so your in-text references for all
formats (book, journal article, web document) consists of the author(s)
surname and year of publication.
The basics of an in-text citation in APA:
• Include author or authors and year of publication.
• Use round brackets.
If you quote directly from an author you need to include the page or
paragraph number of the quote in your in-text reference.
• Include author or authors, year of publication and page or
paragraph number of your quote.
• Use round brackets.
PAGE NUMBERS
• If the source you’re citing includes page numbers, add that information to your citation.
For a parenthetical citation, the page number follows the year of publication, separated by a
comma, and with a lowercase p and a period before the number (p.)
EX: Research suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students (Atkins, 2018, p.
12).
• For a narrative citation, the page number comes at the end of the sentence, once again preceded
by a lowercase p and a period (p.)
EX: Atkins (2018) suggests that the Purdue OWL is a good resource for students (p. 12).
WORKS WITH TWO AUTHORS
When citing a work with two authors:
•In the narrative citation, use “and” in between the authors’ names
EX: When examining potential climate threats, “Understanding the occurrence and
impacts of historical climatic hazards is critical to better interpret current hazard trends”
(Depietri & McPhearson, 2018, p. 96).
Works with 3+ Authors
When citing a work with three or more authors:
list the name of the first author plus “et al.” in every citation.
EX: Lin et al. (2019) examined how weather conditions affect the
popularity of the bikesharing program in Beijing.
EX: “The data collected by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA, 2019) confirmed…”
If you first mention the group in a parenthetical citation, list the abbreviation in square brackets,
followed by a comma and the year of publication.
When citing two or more works by the same author and published in the same year:
•Use lower-case letters (a, b, c) after the year of publication to order the references.
Titles:
Articles and Chapters = “ ”
Books and Reports = italicize
CITING MULTIPLE WORKS
When citing multiple works in the same parentheses, citations are
presented in alphabetical order, separated with semicolons.
e.g.
While other positive psychology constructs (e.g., resilience, hope, core self-
evaluations, social support) have been studied in people with MS (Alschuler et
al., 2018; Arewasikpron et al., 2018; Farber et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2020; Lynch
et al., 2001; Madan & Pakenham, 2014), there is a dearth of research examining
grit in this population.
Paraphrasing
Paraphrasing is when you are summarizing the words or expressing the
ideas of the author(s) in your own words. When paraphrasing you must
acknowledge the original source in the text of your writing. Include the
author's surname and year of publication in round brackets, or if
including the author(s) name anywhere in the sentence, place the year
of publication in round brackets next to the author's name.
(Leskowitz, 2017)
OR
Leskowitz (2017)
SIGNAL WORDS
Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.:
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of verbs in signal phrases when they discuss past
events.
Direct quotes
For direct quotes of less than 40 words, incorporate them into the text and enclose the quote
with double quotation marks, e.g.
Parenthetical quote (where the citation details are presented in parentheses following the
quote):
"Addressing the issue of school dropout not only affects the education system, but may also
serve as a prevention effort for the welfare, mental health, and corrections systems" (Webber,
2018, p. 82).
For direct quotes of 40 or more words start on a new line and indent the whole
block ~1cm from the left, do not add any additional space before or after the
quote. The entire quote should be double-spaced. Quotation marks are not
required e.g.:
Sue reads an article by Chris Brown in the Journal of Library Administration in which he cites or refers to
statements made by Ulrich Boser in his 2017 book ‘Learn Better’. Sue wants to refer to Boser’s statement in her
assignment.
Sue would acknowledge Boser in her text but her reference is to the source where she saw the information. Sue
might write as her in-text reference:
EX: B. E. Anderson (personal communication, January 8, 2020) also claimed that many of her students had
difficulties with APA style.
Parenthetical citation:
EX: One teacher mentioned that many of her students had difficulties with APA style (Anderson, personal
communication, January 8, 2020).
All in-text references should be listed in the reference list at the end of
your document. The purpose of the reference list entry is to contain all
the information that a reader of your work needs to follow-up on your
sources. An important principle in referencing is to be consistent.
THE REFERENCE LIST